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INTERNATIONAL
APPLE CORE *

presents

jjj^ ^ 1 ^ jj'

The Pretnier Magazine for Apple Computer Users

VOLUMES NUMBER 2

MAY-JUNE 1982

SAVE 6 INCHES.10 POUNDS.

On the new, slicked-up,
trimmed-down Starwriter F-10.

It’s C. Itoh’s latest genera-
tion of letter-quality printers.

It cranks out flawless copy
at 40 cps; and its full 15"
carriage lets it double in brass
for both letter processing and
business applications. You
can plug it into almost any
micro on the market (serial or
parallel) simply by plugging it
in. And then make it keep on
trucking with inexpensive,
easily available Diablo com-

patible daisy wheels and
ribbons.

In its serial mode, it can
print just about anything
(including boldface, under-
lines, subscripts and super-
scripts), and snap the carriage
back to start the next line
in less than a second. In its
line mode, it prints in both
directions, for even faster
throughput.

(While making about as
much noise as a cat walking
on Kleenex.)

It’s a nice, portable 30
pounds -about 10 pounds

lighter than the Starwriters
before it. And it stands
exactly as tall (or precisely as
small) as a dollar bill.

Speaking of which;

Incredibly, the Starwriter F-10
sells for about the same
preposterously low price as
its predecessors. Which is to
say, about $800 less than a lot
of other printers that don’t
even come close to measur-
ing up. Or even better. . .

Measuring down.

Distributed Exclu-
sively by Leading
Edge Products, Inc.,
225 Turnpike Street,
Canton, Massachu-
setts 02021. Call: toll-
free 1-800-343-6833;
or in Massachusetts
call collect (617j
828-8150. Telex
951-624.

lEADIKG

EDGE

A WILD AND

Buy Five Megabytes
Of Winchester Storage
For $999 Direct From Xebec.

The Offer. For Apple D® Users— And Other Users, Too.

If you’re looWng to add mass storage capacity to your
Apple II without looldng for the rich uncle to fund the
enterprise, look no further. $999 is all you’ll pay for
our Intelligent Disk Assembly, which includes a state-
of-the-art Winchester disk drive eind an advanced
Xebec single board controller. Add a few hundred
dollars more and you’ll also get the components to
complete the subsystem. A highly relicible 115V/230V
power module. A cable set. A host adapter personcil-
ity card. Apple DOS, CP/M® or Pascal software and a
component cabinet. Installation instructions and docu-
mentation mal<e assembly simple. More important, it
mal<es you a richer person because you do it yourseif
and save up to half the cost of comparable storage
products.

Even if you have CPU attachments other than the
Apple II, we’d like to hear from you. Xebec is cur-
rently developing a whole range of small computer
interfaces— cind we may be abie to plug you into an
offer as wild and aazy as this one by the time you
get to the toll-free numbers at the bottom of this ad.
The Company Behind The Offer. Xebec.

Xebec, an MSC Company, has been in the microcom-
puting business for over a decade now. In fact, we’re
currently the largest supplier of controiler products and
technology in the business, numbering companies like
Hewlett-Packard and Lcinier among our miaocom-
puting customers. This unique opportunity for us to
offer these mass storage subsystem components at
this price is limited. Therefore, we urge you to see us
at the Applefest® in Boston, May 14-16; or fill out and
return the coupon in this ad.

XEBEC

AN MSC COMPANY

432 Lal<eside Drive/Sunnyvale, CA 94086

Apple II and Applefest are registered trade and service marks of
Apple Computer, Inc. CP/M is a trademark of Digital Research, Inc.

Please send me

Intelligent Disk Assembly(s), which includes the
Winchester rigid disk drive and the single board controller. I
understand that all accessories ordered for the disk assembly
will correspond to the number of
disk cissemblies ordered. 1 further
understand that if I order the
entire disk cissembly package
(including one Apple software
program), 1 am entitled to that
package for just $ 1 299 as
opposed to the Individual com-
ponent price of $1347.50.

Intelligent Disk Assembly

Drive and controller $999.00

Accessories for Intelligent Disk Assembly

□ Cable set $ 65.00

□ Host adapter personality card $ 75.00

□ Power module $125.00

□ Apple DOS software $ 8.50

Q Apple CP/M software $ 8.50

□ Apple Pascal software $ 8.50

□ Cabinet $ 75.00

□ Complete installation instructions

and documentation free

! Please add appropriate state and local tcixes. Freight for above
I is Included. We invite users of CPU’s other than Apple II to
■ contact Xebec toll free for information cis to the schedule of
- availability of subsystems for their particular attachment. Outside
I California, call 800-538-1644. In California, call
I 800-672-1842.

.WITH A FULL HOUSE OF 5 >/4" DRIVES

Mlcro-Scl has three disk drives and two
controllers so you can configure your Apple ir“ or
Apple II Plus'- systern to fit your Individual budget
and performance requirements.

THE FIRST ACE— A2
The new A2 Is the prlce/compatlblllty substitute
tor the Disk ir Intended as the second drive on
an existina controller, or os a full A2 subsystem.
The A2 drive or A2 subsystem is an Ideal choice
when the drives will be primarily used for
entertainment or prepackaged software programs.

THE SECOND ACE— A40
The A40 is a price/perfbrmance alternative to the
Disk II With 40 tracks, you get an additional 20K
bytes, and faster track-to-track access. The A40 is
Intended for use in dedicated DOS, CP/M and
Pascal applications, and as a companion drive for
the A70. The A40 is Mlcro-Scl's most cost-effective

disk subsystem for the Apple lls.

THE THIRD ACE— A70

The A70 Is the price/capacity alternative.

At over a quarter million bytes per drive, the A70
has the capacity of two Disk lls or an eight-inch
floppy, but costs only slightly more than a single
Disk II. One A70 supports a DOS file as large as
270K, a CP/M file up to 254K, and 560 blocks
In Pascal.

THE PAIR— MICRO-SCrS CONTROIIERS

The A2 comes with a unique new controller.

This controller supports any combination of A2s or
Disk lls, you have complete flexibility.

The A40 and A70 share a common controller.
Mix A40s and A70s In any fashion, one A40 with
one A70, two A40s or two A70s— all on the
same controller.

You can have a Disk II or A2 controller with

Disk II or A2 drives and still add an A40 or A70
subsystem. Thafs full system-level compatibility.

THE PAT HAND

Versatility, reliability, capability are assured
when choosing MIcro-Sci. Pick the drive, pick the
controller, pick the capacity and function. Whatever
your need, DOS 3.2, 3.3, Pascal, CP/M, games or
pre-packaged software, Micro-ScI has the drive.
Start wherever you choose with the knowledge
that you can expand without concern. All MIcro-Sci
products are backed by a full 120-day warranty
(parts and labor).

Our complete line of Apple compatible products
makes us the dealer's choice. We're always looking
for good dealers.

International dealer Inquiries:

International Markets Co., Telex; 69-6191.

TELEX CO LSA

MICRO-SCI

17742 IRVINE BOULEVARD .SUITE 205 .TUSTIN, CALIFORNIA 92680 .714/731-9461 .TELEX: 910-346-6739

MICRO-SCI IS A DIVISION OF STANDUN CONTROLS, INC,

* '“APPLE II, APPLE II PLUS * '“DISK II DAPPLE. APPLE It AND DISK H ARE REGISTERED TRADEMARKS OF APPI F noMOi mrpc oi ipfptiwo OAI ifoowia

TaKc a bite

Vol. 3, No. 2 May -June, 1982

Coven One of the Few Quiet Moments at the Faire. Jim Gray photos.

Make the Devii Do Itl - Neil Lipson 16

The Diablo Printer and the Apple Computer.

File Cabinet Initializer / Stuffer - Mike Kramer 26

Improvements to an “Old Faithful” Data Base.

Applesoft List Formatter - David H. Bartley 36

A pretty and clear format for your program listings.

Educational Uses of the Computer -Ted Periy 50

From the Education SIGroup.

Hello, Operator? - Joe Budge 52

V^at’s an Operating System, anyway?

Three Pascal “Features” - Paul Sand 55

When is a bug not a bug?

West Coast Computer Faire - Amanda Hixson 60

With photos of L Affaire Warren by Jim Gray and Earl Rand.

Apple III Invokable Modules - Alan Anderson 66

A start toward improving your SOS condiments.

Will the Real Apple Pascal Please Stand Op? -Dr. Wo 75

Looking at transportable alternatives.

DEPARTAAENTS

Textfile 6

Print Fre(Ed): Pyrex?-Val J. Golding 8

Planting a Seed: The Vanishing Hacker - Peter C. Weiglin 11

Letters 14

lAC Sponsoring Members 45

President’s Message -Ken Silverman 81

Forbidden Fruit - Mark L Crosby 84

Temptations, Necessities, and Delicacies.

Apple

Orchard

Vol. 3No. 2 May-Junel982

Entire contents Copyright © 1982
by International Apple Core

Peter C. Weiglin—Editor and Publisher
Ingrid Worthge— Art Director
Val J. Golding — Editorial Associate
Mark L Crosby— New Products Editor
“Dr. Wo”— Pascal/ Languages Editor

EDITORIAL MATERIAL TO:
Apple Orchard
910 A George St.

Santa Clara, CA 95050
(408) 727-7652

ADVERTISING REPRESENTATIVE

Jeff Ginsberg

(213) 450-0056

SUBSCRIPTIONS-DEALER INFORMATION
Apple Orchard
910 A George St.

Santa Clara, CA 95050
(408) 727-7652

Karen Vanikiotis— Circulation Manager

INTERNATIONAL APPLE CORE

Jeny Vitt

Officers

Chairman

(214) 369-7660

Ken Silvemnan

President

(408) 727-7652

Dave Gordon

\fice-President

(213) 709-1202

David Alpert

Treasurer

(312) 295-6078

Joe Budge

Secretary

(919) 489-4284

Roger Keating

Regional Directors

P.O. Box 448, Double Bay 2048, NSW, Australia

Auby Mandel

409 Queen St W., Toronto, OnL, Canada M5V 2A5

Wolfgang Dederichs

Auf Drenhausen 2 4320 Hattigen, West Germany

Harlan G. Felt

(Northern United States)

(408) 866-1733

James E. Hassler

(Northern United States)

(307) 632-4934

Jerry Vitt

(Southern United States)

(214) 369-7660

Scott Knaster

(Southern United States)

(303) 238-8301

Bemie Urban

(Eastern United States)

(301) 229-3458

Tony Cerreta

(Eastern United States)

(914) 636-3417

Fred Wilkinson

(Western United States)

(415) 585-2240

James Simpson

(Western United States)

(805) 492-3391

Committee Chairmen
SPECIAL INTEREST GROOPS;

Education SIG

Ted Perry

(916) 485-1690

Ham Radio SIG

James E. Hassler, WB7TRQ

(307) 632-4934

Handicapped SIG

David McFarling

(402) 467-1878

Languages

Tom Woteki

(202) 547-0984

Legal SIG

Felix B. Clayton

(803) 884-5370

Medical SIG

Larry L. Stonebumer

(714) 953-9151

ApNotes

John Shanes

(804)746-2711

Apple Orchard

Peter C. Weiglin

(415) 727-7652

lAC Software

Neil Upson

(215) 356-6183

lAC Librarian

Major Terry N. Ta>dor

(213) 3724134

Telecommunications

Craig Vaughan

(703) 255-2241

Standards

Mark Robbins

(303) 755-6440

Newsletter Exchange

David Alpert

(312) 295-6078

New Club Assistance

Randy Fields

(415) 775-7965

APPLE ORCHARD (ISSN 0277- 1 950) is published bi-monthly by the International Apple Core, Inc.,
91 0 A Georqe St, Santa Clara, CA 95050. Second Class pjostage pending at Santa Clara, CA and
additional offices.

Subscription rates: ?1 5.00 for sbc issues in the G.S.; $22.50 in G.S. funds for Canada, Mexico, AFO

I and FPO addresses: and $27.50 in G.S. funds for addresses elsewhere.

Send change of address notices and correspondence concerning subscriptions to: Apple Orchard,
910 A George SL, Santa Clara, CA 95050.

Apple Orchard is a publication of the International Apple Core, a worldwide federation of Apple
Computer Gser Groups. The opinions expressed herein are those of the authors, and do not
necessarily represent the views of the International Apple Core. While we appreciate the co-
operation of Apple Computer, Inc. and other sponsoring members, the lAC and Apple Orchard do
not necessarily represent the views of any of these companies. Our existence is derived from the
thousands of Apple users, as individuals, and it is their interests which we serve.

-'X

Every Apple Is Created Equal.
But It Doesn’t Have To Stay That Way.

An Apple^^^ is really something.

But from now on, it’s going to be
something much more. How come?
Simple. We’re introducing three
revolutionary new data communica-
tion packages, called Transend^^^
designed especially to make your
Apple rise above all others.

Our Transend data communica-
tions software provides access to in-
formation utilities; complete file
transmission of charts, VisiCalc^^^
reports, and entire programs; as well
as all electronic mail functions.

Transend comes in three different
versions. You can begin economically
with the simplest form. Transend 1,
an intelligent terminal/file transfer
system. As your needs increase, you
can move up to two other Transend
packages, without worrying about
retraining or repurchasing. Transend
2 gives any Apple II intelligent ter-
minal capabilities, plus file transfer
with complete error detection and

automatic retransmission for de-
manding business applications.
Transend 3 incorporates electronic
mail— with password security, text
editing, mailbox with mailstop, unat-
tended scheduling and receiving,
automatic redialing, and much more.

The Transformation People

Transend’s support of most popu-
lar Apple II “add-in” cards and
modems lets you upgrade your
Apple without hassle or unnecessary
expense. And you’ll immediately cut
operating costs by as much as 30%
with simple, easy-to-use menus, data
compression and 1200-baud modem
support.

Nobody on the personal computer
scene today is offering the speed, flex
ibility, and reliability of Transend in
a single upgradable software system.

Don’t miss this chance to uplift
your Apple II. Contact us or your
dealer for all the delicious details.

SSM Microcomputer Products, Inc.,
2190 Paragon Drive, San Jose, CA
95131, (408) 946-7400, Telex: 171171,
TWX: 910-338-2077.

Apple and Apple II are trademarks of Apple
Computer, Inc. VisiCalc is a trademark of Per-
sonal Software, Inc. And Transend is a trade-
mark of SSM Microcomputer Products, Inc.

Allyourneeds
in one basket.

Bite-soft offers over 1,000 items, with all the Softalk Poll
best-sellers in stock for immediate shipment In fact,
if what you want appears anywhere in this magazine,
chances are we have it in stock or on order.

Call our toll-free numbers any time 24 hours a day to
request our free catalog or to place your order for just
about any Apple™-compatible product We ship ASAP
first class mail with no postage or handling charges . . .
plus free bonus diskettes with evei^ software shipment
over $50.

More than 100 publishers represented, including:

Adventure Int’l

Continental

Artsci

Dakin5/Level-10

Astar

Datamost

Astro Graphics

Datasoft

Aurora Systerns

Data TVansforms

Avalon Hill

Denver Software

Avant Garde

Edu-ware

Beagle Bros.

Hayden Software

Brillig Systems

High Technology

Broderbund

Highlands

Bubblesoft

Howard Software

Budgeco

HSD

Calif. Pacific

lUS,

Cavalier

Innovative

CE Software

Insoft

Computek

Interlude

Context

L&S Computerware

Lazer Systems

Riverbank

Link Systems

Sensible Software

LJK Enterprises

Sentient Software

Masterworks

Sierra Software

Micro Lab

Sir-Tech

Micro Pro

Sirius Software

Microsoft

Softape

Muse

Software Publ.

Mytopia

SDS

Nikrom

Stoneware

Omega Microware

Strategic

On-Line Systems

Sub Logic

Penguin Software

Synergistic

Personal Software

Systems Plus

Phoenix Software

USA

Piccadilly

Voyager

Quality Software

Westware

plus accessories, books, furniture, monitors, printers, and
many hard -to -find computer supplies.

Kle-iofl

ALL YOUR NEEDS
IN ONE BASKET.

Toll-free/Operator 608:
(800) 824-7888

(800) 8S2-7777 in California
(800) 824-7919 in Alaska/Hawaii

For personal selection assistance, phone (213) 843-1155.
Or, write RO, Box 175, North Hollywood, CA 91603.

Bite-.soft is aAlivision of Fiite-size Computer System. Inc.

.'\pple is a registered trademark of Apple Computer. Inc.

TEXTFILE

Well, here’s the second issue of Apple Orchard published
from our Santa Clara home office. At 1 1 2 pages plus cover,
it should validate everyone’s hopes that we have in fact
become a bi-monthly publication. We’re gratified by your
response to the March- April issue. We’re also not standing
still; the Apple Orchard is continuing to expand, with your
support and participation.

And did we get comments on the philosophical ob-
servations, the unbashful opinions, the penetrating
analyses of the computer? Naah. We got comments on the
cover photo, namely the dirty fingernails on the Gmbby
Paws of the Future. Even got accused of running a dirty
book. Well, the photo shows the typical condition of the
paws on a more or less typical 9 - year old male,
immediately before discovery by his mother. Reality ain’t
always pretty, friends.

This issue, Neil Upson, the lAC’s Software Chairman,
naturally writes about . .er, hardware. Specifically, the
Diablo printer, which is the letter-quality worl^orse. Thanks
too to the Diablo folks for the photos and other information,
despite the fact that some of Neil’s opinions may not fit into
their marketing plans.

There has been much discussion of the “transportability” of
the Pascal language. This issue, Paul Sand describes some
“features” of Apple Pascal, and the redoubtable Dr. Wo
covers some different available versions of Pascal. In the
July-August issue. Bill Shepard will provide a unit that
allows the user a far greater measure of independence from
specific hardware.

And before the BASIC user feels totally left out, we have
what has to be the prettiest of “prettyprint” programs we’ve
seen for listing programs in BASIC, thanks to David Bartley.
This one is a great help if you’ve ever puzzled over a printout
of your latest program, with multiple statements in one
program line, trying to figure out what goes where. The
article appeared in much shorter form in the Apple- Dillo,
the newsletter of the San Antonio Appleseed group; Mr.
Bartley is its Editor. (Note that we will adopt this routine for
use elsewhere in the magazine.)

As always, we invite your comments.

One Apple
and%550

can make a lot of pies.

And charts. And grafdis.

Introducing the New Personal
Computer Plotter from
Hewlett-Packard

Now you can use your Apple® com-
puter to generate your own presentation
charts, graphs, and pie charts. How?

Simply add on the new high
quality, low cost HP 7470 A
Personal Computer
Plotter. V

The 7470A helps you
save time, save money, and,
lets you communicate quickly, accu-
rately and effectively.

The eye is faster.

Data, when visualized graphically, becomes informa-
tion fast. Charts and bar graphs can make any presenta-
tion clearer and more readily understood. But asking your
staff to produce the graphics IHi

for your next presentation
doesn’t ensure accuracy or
artistic talent. And going to
outside suppliers can be
costly. Combined with your
Apple® computer, the new
HP 7470 A plotter does the
communicating for you.

Quickly. Logically. And with
off-the-shelf software.

Count on it.

The 7470A is built the Hewlett-
Packard way. To last. Designed and
engineered with only a few parts, none
of which require adjustment. And with
customized integrated circuits
that ensure reliability.

Pen Pals.

The HP 7470A has
two single-pen stables
that output multi-color plots in
your choice of ten coordinated colors. Pens
are automatically capped and stored.

An option youTl want, too.

For only $95, you can also get a 17057 Overhead
Transparency Kit that turns your plots into transpar-
encies for overhead projectors. For “I need it tomorrow
at 9:00 A.M!” meetings, it’s a necessity.

Start plotting your next presentation today.
Clip and mail the coupon below. Now.

Mail the coupon below and we’ll send you— absolutely
free — a sample plot, a more detailed brochure, and a
sample overhead transparency.

Then . . . stop in at your nearest Hewlett-Packard
Dealer. See the HP 7470A in action. Once you see it
demonstrated you’ll find a hundred ways to make your
own Apple® pies. And charts. And graphs.

Fast and pretty.

The 7470 A gives you high plotting speed with excellent
line quality. . .faster than any competitive small plotter.
On top of all that, it comes in an attractive design
package that looks nice on your desk. And it does it
for only $1,550. (U.S.A. domestic suggested retail price.)

When performance must be measured by results

HEWLETT

PACKARD

Seeing is believing. Send me a sample plot, an overhead transparency, and more detailed information.

Name Title

Company

Address .

City, State & Zip

Phone Number ( )

Send to: Hewlett-Packard, 16399 W. Bernardo Drive, San Diego, CA 92127— Attn: Nancy Carter

Apple is the registered trademark of Apple Computer, Inc.

11202 AO/05

PRINT FRE(ED)

by ValJ. Golding

What’s this I hear about Pyrex?. . .

The subject of piracy and pro-
tection has been mercilessly beat
to death in the magazines, all of
which, up till now, has accom-
plished little. We would like to feel
these are the last words we need to
pen on a matter that seems almost
to border on the obscene, by virtue
of its over-coverage. If you are a
glutton for punishment, read the
feature section in the April 1982
Call -A.P.P.L.E. Dr. Lingwood
offers what we believe is the only
practical recourse for software
manufacturers; Mark Pelczarski,
president of Penguin Software
joins with consumers and asks us
to not abuse the trust he has shown
in us by non-protecting new soft-
ware releases.

We have written and released
one commercial program, our
Directory Title Writer utility. Re-
cently a major bug was brought to
our attention, and while correcting

that, we also removed the limited
protection that was originally on
the disk. We ask again that the
industry, and particularly those
who produce business-oriented
programs, remove their locks
and/or supply backup copies on a
timely basis.

We have tried assessing blame
in the past; it seems somewhat
fruitless. We cannot change what
has been and what is.

Or can we.

We have been to many club
meetings of different user groups;
we have witnessed copyrighted
programs being traded; others
have experienced similar scenes.
We have heard the old story: “1
gave it to my friend because he
never would have bought it him-
self.” That is a false assumption,
one in which we can never deter-
mine the truth unless we do not
give that copy away.

As lAC member clubs, and as
individuals, we have an obligation
to our members, and to ourselves,
to not avert our eyes. We must be
able to live with ourselves, and we
must realize that every individual
action has potential consequences
far beyond the limits of our imagi-
nation. We have already seen some
results in the form of constantly
increasing prices.

Each lAC member club, upon
filling out their application blank,
swears they will not condone the
duplication of copyrighted pro-
grams. The lAC has not the man-
power, nor would they want to be a
Scotland Yard of software. Thus,
as member clubs, we must lead the
way and set examples that not only
set our own minds at ease, but can
also serve to guide others.

‘That’s pirates, Emily.”

“Never mind.”

8 Apple Orchard

"NBBLE IS TERRFIC"
(For Your Apple)

NIBBLE 18: The Reference for Apple computing!

NHBIilS: One of the Fastest Growing Magazines in
the Personal Computing Field.

N0BLEIS: Providing Comprehensive, Useful and
Instructive Programs for the Home, Small Business, and
Entertainment.

NIBBLE IS: A Reference to Graphics, Games, Systems
Programming Tips, Product News and Reviews, Hardware
Construction Projects, and a host of other features.

NBBLE IS: A magazine suitable for both the Beginner and
the Advanced Programmer.

Each issue of NIBBLE features significant new Programs of Commercial Quality. Here’s
what some of our Readers say:

- “Certainly the best magazine on the Apple I!”

- “Programs remarkably easy to enter”

- “Stimulating and Informative; So much so that this is the first computer magazine I’ve
subscribed to!”

- “Impressed with the quality and content.”

- “NIBBLE IS TERRIFIC! ”

In coming issues, look for:

□ Stocks and Commodities Charting □ Assembly Language Programming Column

□ Pascal Programming Column □ Data Base F*rograms for Home and Business

□ Personal Investment Analysis □ Electronic Secretary for Time Management

□ The GIZMO Business Simulation Game

And many many more!

NIBBLE is focused completely
on the Apple Computer systems.

Buy NIBBLE through your local
Apple Dealer or subscribe now with
the coupon below.

TpyiNBBLE!

NOTE;

— Domestic U.S. First Class subscription rate is $36.50

— Canada Air Mail subscription rate is $42.50

— Outside the U.S. and Canada Air mail subscription rate is $47.50

All payments must be in U.S. funds drawn on a U.S. bank.

'f-1980 by MICRO-SPARC., INC. Lincoln. Mass. 01773. All rights reserved.
'Apple li a registered trademark of Apple Computer Company.

nibble

li-

We accept Master Charge & Visa
Box 325, Lincoln, MA. 01773 (617) 259-9710

I’ll try nibblel

Enclosed is my $19.95 (for 8 issues) Price effective Jan. 1, 1982
(Outside U.S., see special note on this page.)

□ check □ money order

Your subscription will begin with the next issue published after receipt of your
check/money order.

Card# _
Signature

Name

Address _

City

State

Expires

.Zip

DATAMOST

9748 Cozycroft Ave.
Chatsworth, Ca. 91311
(213) 709-1202

VISA/MASTERCHARGE accepted
$1.00 shipping/handling charge. /
(California residents add 6% taxj^

*Applell a trademark of Apple I
Computer, Inc. ■

Aye! Come aboard for the fight of your life

Fantastic HI-RES sword fighting

topside, and the fight continues . . . with
Blackbeard himself and the motley crew. What
a game! What a test of skill against opponents
who really attack and fight back! What a
chance to become the swordsman of the year!
Get your copy now - thrill to the most realistic
HI-RES graphics ever!

SWASHBUCKLER. Only $34.95 for the

Apple II*. At computer stores or: ,

You're in a duel to the death against a black-
hearted pirate crew. Look out! Here they come
swinging and slashing with their pikes, swords,
and knives.

Pirates to your right, pirates to your left . . .
poison snakes, spiders, scorpions and killer rats!
Hear your sword ring as you parry, thrust,
lunge . . . run them through! If you're swords-
man enough to win below decks, you go

Planting
a seed...

THE VANISHING HACKER

Do you remember the “hacker,”
also known as the computer hobby-
ist? There he sits, late at night, pro-
gramming, probing the machine’s
inner depths, sometimes cursing soft-
ly, others shouting ecstatically. The
machine does what you tell it to do,
not what you want it to do.

The hacker can easily be picked
out of a crowd; he (or she) is the one
who bought an Apple for its own sake;
who survived the “Whatcha gonna
doowiddit” inanities, and who gradu-
ally conditioned the machine to serve
human needs. Sometimes by force.
There was pride at the first successful
simple BASIC program, and a grow-
ing competence on the part of the
hacker. &plore Pascal? Maybe even
venture into machine language? Sure,
why not? It’s even possible that the
hacker’s efforts filled some need in
the marketplace, spawning a “base-
ment” business or “cottage industry.”

It was probably inevitable, but in
today’s Apple world, the hacker is said
to be vanishing from sight. He is being
overwhelmed by the “users,” who
didn’t buy Apples for the fun (!) of it,
but to use the machine like any other
appliance, for a job of work that had to
be done. There is no interest there in
pushing back frontiers; just keep up
the inventory and that will be enough,
thank you.

But the “hacking” process goes

through stages of development too
. . . and there was a creativity born of
necessity in the early days of the
Apple 11 phenomenon that we see less
of today, because there is more, and
more refined, material available.
Hacking is no longer necessary to
achieve rapport with the Apple 11.

Net result: fewer people become
hackers, although more people are
users. Ask the market researchers;
they’ll tell you that the hobbyist is not
the marketplace. In fact, “hobbyist” is
almost a dirty word to the corporate
newcomers in their three-piece suits,
come to profit where hackers blazed
the trail.

We owe thanks to the hackers for
the microcomputer. No large or even
medium sized corporation brought it
forth, although these are now stress-
ing the bandwagon to near its weight
limits. Of the hackers who gave this
industry its start, some have been
rewarded beyond dreams; others have
been forgotten, or have had to endure
seeing others receive acclaim not
altogether due them. Growth and
corporateness has become inevita-
ble, and that is not a climate in which
hackers flourish.

Apple The Company is a classic
example of sudden growth and the
human problems that accompany it.
The attempt to impose the institu-
tional structure of a large corporation

on what conventional business wis-
dom calls “Camp Runamok” is, frank-
ly, a battle, to be won only at great
cost. Meanwhile, the “hackers” who
created Apple The Company are leav-
ing; most notably co-Founder and
hacker folk hero Steve Wozniak.

’Twas ever thus; Watt, Newcomen,
Cooper, the Wrights, Ford, were all
hackers. T. A. Edison was a “hacker”
of the first water, unconcerned by the
politics of the Corporate Research
budget. And he too was cast aside by
the corporate grayness that survives,
“bringing good things to life” today.

From a societal standpoint, it’s
probably better to have more than
500,000 people improving their lives
somewhat as users, than 10,000
hackers, consumed by an electronic
passion but operating in relative ob-
scurity. So the market is better for
everyone.

And has the “hacker spirit” really
been done in? Fat chance. Just check
out the Apple / // Group, which dis-
plays those telltale pioneering over-
tones. No, if the hackers “vanish” at
all, they vanish like a scouting party;
over the horizon, ahead of the rest of
us.

May - June 1 982 1 1

QiassBSKvnK

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Letters
to the Editor

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Copy Protection

the courts can handle, but the first
point made can be addressed here.

By removing the mail-order houses
from the marketplace, the customer
is forced to buy at retail stores, where
the prices are generally higher.
Limiting a consumer’s options is
never in his best interest Further,

Kudos to Andent Inc. for their
continued sale and support of
software without copy protection
(Letters, Apple Orchard, March-
April 1982). It seems that other
software companies are coming
around to the realization that
such “protection” actually costs them
more sales than does the piracy.

As manufacturer of the original
Lower Case Adapter, 1 have had over
100 calls asking whether the LCA is
compatible with VisiCalc. 1 have to
answer that the LCA doesn’t interfere
with VisiCalc, but that there won’t be
lower case type. And, because
VisiCalc is copy-protected, 1 don’t
know how to modify it to utilize lower
case.

1 would like to use VisiCalc myself, but
have not purchased it for two
reasons: 1 can’t allow my business to
be dependent on a software package
that can’t be backed up, and nearly all
of my work is done on 8-inch disks,
and VisiCalc can’t be “moved up” to
the bigger disks.

1 can’t imagine any business
knowingly tying itself to a product that
can’t be backed up, regardless of how
good the product is. And what if a
business does start using a product,
then later needs more disk space?

Dan Paymar
Durango, CO

Mail Orders

Sir:

We find the no-mail order policy
recently implemented by Apple
Computer very distasteful.

Apple’s new policy was described
as an effort to provide consumer
education and promote customer
satisfaction. This is patently false, and
we’re surprised that Apple would
think that a group of computer users
would fall for it There is also the
question of restraint of trade, which

because a large portion of Apple’s
current “family” became members
by mail, this can’t help but have an
effect on Apple’s market share.

The claim that “only the retail stores
can provide the necessary sendee
and education” is based on a faulty
assumption: that the retail stores can
and do provide this sendee. In the
areas of both sales and service, many
stores just have not justified Apple’s
confidence in them. A good retailer is
rare, and most are poor at applying
their products to the needs of thew
their products to the needs of the
user. They are good at develop-
ing schedules of high prices, though.

The “customer satisfaction” that
Apple is trying to improve would be
better served if Apple leaned on its
retailers, rather than removing a spur
to better performance. The con-
sumer who orders by mail knows
that he can’t get personal service; his
eyes are wide open.

And, if Apple enforces the mail order
ban, how will someone outside of a
metropilitan area purchase equip-
ment? For that matter, what if any
store is out of stock?

1 2 Apple Orchard

We do support our retailers when they
have products and services we can
use, given price and availability

Screen Director

Screen Director™ retrieves and dis-
plays any standard image file on your
Apple's video monitor, large screen
TV or color printer. For only $150,
Screen Director™ gives you
a filmmaker's finesse in

boardroom presentations,
management briefings
and demonstrations
for clients.

With Screen Director™ you can scroll
forwards and bacl<wards through any
color displays, with dissolves or cuts
from one image to the next — all at
the touch of two buttons.
You can even enhance your
I Apple Business Graphics
with title slides in a variety
of fonts and
colors.

Spice your Apple with cinema.

-:r-

■;V:'r' ■■■ ■ V-

R|.

" .'ivW; ■ 'is

Screen Director™ includes both the two-button controller
and all necessary software.

Screen Director'" is a product of
Business & Professional Software, Inc.,
creators of Apple Business Graphics.

Yes, please send me a dealer list for Screen Director"” I
Name Title

Apple is a trademark of Apple Computer, Inc.

For information on dealers of Screen Director'
in your area, please return this coupon to

- Address.

.Zip.

. Phone 1-

Business & Professional
Software, Inc.

I43 Binney Street
Cambridge, A/IA 02142

□ I would like additional Information on Apple Business Graphics and its use
□ with this printer or plotter:

□ with these other programs; _

or call (617) 491-3377.

□ to produce xerox color copies, overhead transparencies and 35mm slides
□ I am a dealer. Apple Orchard 5/82

-■p0

I H i

■■ " ?i
. ■: ■■ .-.■.

^ ,T '- 6 .

Software Breakthrough!

THE WORD HANDLER

BY SILICON VALLEY

THE ONLY WORD PROCESSOR IN THE WORLD
FOR THE APPLE THAT:

• Gives you full line capability on the screen, no boards nec.

• Two character formats to choose from at all times!

RUNS WITHOUT ANY HARDWARE MODIFICATIONS!

HIGH POWER

LARGE SCALE

Simplicity of
Operation!

Direct to disk!

All functions seen on the screen!

• Lower and uppper case
underlining

• Superscript, bold, and
unlimited tabs

• Even and normal justification

• Other functions seen on
turnkey systems in the
$13-$20,000 range

• Proportional spacing

DEALER INQUIRIES INVITED

1625 EL CAMINO REAL. SUITE 4
BELMONT, CA 94002
(415D 593-4344

• Software programmable baud
rates to 19200BPS

• Auto-baud: Automatic incom-
ing baud rate recognition &
matching

•Telex/TWX pulse-dial func-
tion

• 5-Bit baudot code, 7-Bit ASC II
or 8-Bit EBCDIC capability

• software break/send detect

• CPU interrupt hardware/
firmware

SPECIAL

INTRODUCTORY PRICE

$199^s

lb Order Call
( 212 ) 947-5533

INTRAs PSIO — Programmable Serial I/O board is fully compatible with current Apple*
software including Pascal l.I, Applesoft,* and Integer Basic. It provides a full EIA RS-232 DTE
interface to most modems, printers and CRT terminals as well as an opto- isolated current
loop interface strappable for full or half duplex, active or passive, 2-wire or 4-wire, 20mA or
60mA operation up to 200V

DEALER INOUIRIES INVITED

•Apple and Applesoft are registered
trademarks of Apple Computer, Inc.

On board IK ROM software enables user programmable printer width control, delay after
carriage return, automatic line-feed generation, and video display Serial character format is
user alterable with the most popular configurations set as default conditions.

Unique to the PSIO are a full range of continuously variable, programmable asynchronous
data rates to 19.2 K baud; automatic recognition of the incoming data rate from a remote
terminal; and firmware routines to pulse-dial calls onto the internationalTelex-TWX network.

Computer

120-10 Audley Street
Kew Gardens, N.Y. 11415

considerations, but we do not con-
sider any store to have a claim on our
business. We buy at stores where the
personnel are helpful and well
informed; these are all too few.

Overall, the wide and unconstrained
distribution of Apple products can
only improve Apple Computer, Inc.
and Apple user satisfaction. The
problem of lack of support is not a
mail order problem.

NOVAPPLE
Burke, VA

(This letter, in expanded form, was
also sent to Apple Computer, Inc.
We welcome your comments on
what could be a boon or a mistake. -
-PCW.)

“Underworld” Reply

Sir:

During my recent visit to the
Midwest, 1 toured a former House of
Negotiable Affection like the one you
mentioned in March (Planting a
Seed: The Underworld Apple). The
establishment, known as “Bitsy’s”,
had indeed been automated to a
remarkable degree. According to
police, Bitsy had used Peachy
Software’s “Bedroll” package for her
customer list For financial records,
she had used a General Lecher
system from Supplesoft In addition,
each visiting room had been
equipped with its own personal
computer; with their reliability, there
was very little downtime. The most
popular software, as you might
expect, had been “VisiTricks”;
“Sleazywriter” and “Snuggle” had
been common also. According to
undercover agents, favored custom-
ers enjoyed Bitsy’s selection of “The
Ultimate One”, “Mistress Com-
mand”, “Lovesmith”, and “Sup-R-
Leather”. Police found out about the
operation when a computer acci-
dentally dialed up the Vice Squad
while running “Ask Me Express”.

Allan B. Fid
Bat Cave, NC

Well, we asked for it, didn't P—
PCW.)

14 Apple Orchard

“THE BEST COMPUTER SPORTS GAME/^

That’s the award SSI's COMPUTER
BASEBALL™ received from Electronic
Games masazine (a subsidiary of
Video masazine) for 1982.

We appreciate the recosnition,
but frankly, we’re not surprised.
Especially when you consider
what it took to be the best:
It's a computer stratesy
same* so thoroush yet so
easy to use you’d swear
you’re manasins a live
tedvn.

It lets you enter exten-
sive player statistics so you can
create any team you like —
from the neishborhood
hackers to the si'cat 1944
St. Louis Browns!

It sives you over 25
stratesy options to choose
from, options so complete
|[ H ^ ^ K||||y you have to remember to
warm up relief pitchers in
bullpen.

Its color Hi-Res sraphics display
has enoush animation to sive you a
« / ^ Sood feel for the flow of the same.
i As a clincher. Teams Data Disks for 1980

M and 1981 are available if you want to use real
AL and NL teams of those seasons.

! And the price? A steal at $39.95. (Data disks

are sold separately from SSI for $15.00 each.)
As excitins as all this sounds, it’s nothins
compared to what you’ll see when you set your
mitts on the sanne at your local computer/same
store. Then you’ll really understand why people say
Computer Baseball is what it is.

MiePeo

' m ^"Tir— mmmwmm.mmmmmm

To order directly from SSI with your VISA or MC, call toll free 800-227-1617, ext 335
(800-772-3545, ext 335 in California). To order by mail, send your check to Stratesic Simula-
tions Inc, 465 Fairchild Drive, Suite 108, Mountain View, CA 94043.

All our sames carry a 14-day money back suarantee.

*For the 48K Apple® II with Applesoft ROM
and one floppy disc drive.

Apple is a resistered trademark of Apple Computer Inc.

i^TTet

H %tmm
TLim i

mi m

t umn

STRATEGIC SIMULATIONS INC

As part of our demanding standards of excellence, we use mSXBlI floppy discs.

WE^RE LOOKING FOR A FEW GOOD DESIGNERS. We re always on the lookout for hish-
'"uality sames from independent desisners. If you have same prosrams that you’d like SSI to publish on
royalty basis, sive us a call at (415) 964-1353 or write to SSI, 465 Fairchild Drive, Suite 108, Mountain
View, CA 94043. '

MAKE THE DEVIL DO

The Diablo Printer and the Apple

It is generally believed (particularly by people who own
thenn!) that the Diablo printers represent the ultimate in
dependability and letter quality character output. They’re
made by a subsidiary of the Xerox Corporation, and are
“daisywheel” type printers. The characters are formed by
the impact of raised letters around the circumference of a
print wheel, rather than a multi-wire dot matrix print head.
Thus, the letters are generally better-formed; they’re indis-
tinguishable from those produced by a good typewriter,
which is the “letter-quality” standard. In fact, the Diablo
mechanism is used on Xerox’s word processor printers. It’s
a top of the line printer, with prices to match for the heavy-
duty models. What we’ll try to do in this article is to summar-
ize many of the hints, tips, and tricks which may help you to
interface the Diablo printers to your Apple II. We’ll also
provide other pertinent information on this printer.

Interfacing

Any and every printer you connect to a computer requires
some kind of interface connection; let’s consider this before
going into the printer itself. While there are some diehards
who have connected printers to the game I/O port, the
normal interface is with a card plugged into one of the
Apple’s eight peripheral slots. For the Diablo, the first
recommendation for minimize trouble is to use the Apple
High Speed Serial Card, Catalog No. A2L0008. Make abso-
lutely sure, when you purchase the card, that it comes with
the P-8A PROM chip, not just the plain P-8. (It’s rumored that
there is later version, but there is no hard information on it at
this time.

The card should go in peripheral Slot 1. It could be any
slot, but Slot 1 has been established by custom, and much
software is configured for that location. In fact. Slot 1 is
necessary for proper operation with Apple PASCAL.

With the Serial Card, make sure you get the addendum
manual for use with letter-quality printers. This explains the
use of the P-8A PROM, and has some in-depth technical
notes. Also covered is the setting of the seven DIP (dual-
inline pin) switches in a little box on the card. Switches 1 , 2,
and 3 control the baud rate, or data transmission rate.
Switch 4, when OFF, keeps the Apple from sending charac-
ters when the Diablo isn’t ready. Switches 5 and 6 control
the width of the printed line, and Switch 7, when ON, keeps
the Serial card from generating extra linefeeds. So, for a
normal setting, with a 1 200 baud data transmission rate and
40-column line width, the setting of the DIP switches is:

Switch Status

1 OFF

2 OFF

3 ON

4 OFF

5 ON

6 ON*

7 ON

1 6 Apple Orchard

Notice that Switch 6 is marked. If you leave this ON, by
selecting either the 40-column or 72-column line width,
you’ll be able to see the output on your video screen while
printing (set at the 40 character width). With any of the other
settings for the combination of Switches 5 and 6 (refer to
page 1 6 in the Serial Card manual) you will not see the video
while printing. For some programs, however, such as the
Graphics Printing System that does “dumps” of a Hi-Res
screen image to the printer, you must have the line width set
to 80 characters, which is Switch 5 ON and Switch 6 OFF.

There is one problem with the High Speed Serial Card if
your Apple also contains a Hayes Modem. If you put the
Serial Card in Slot 1 , then don’t put the modem in Slot 2,
even though that’s what Apple The Company recommends
for operation with PASCAL. Electronic signals on the two
cards sometimes interact with each other in unintended
and strange ways. I have been told by a reliable source that
the modem can be moved to either Slot 4 or Slot 7, and it
will still operate with PASCAL. Mine is in Slot 4, but as of yet I
have not tried it with PASCAL.

Which Diablo Model?

Next comes the decision on which Diablo model to buy,
and why. (We’re assuming here that you have already elimi-
nated other printers.) You have a choice of Diablo models
1 640, 1 650, 630, or possibly a used 1 620. The 1 600 mod-
els can come with (“KSR”; keyboard send/receive) or with-
out (“RO” ; receive only) the keyboard. The 630 comes as an
RO model only; no keyboard. Personally, I like a keyboard
on a printer, for a few reasons. First, you can use the printer
as an independent terminal with the proper modem without
even using the Apple at all. In addition, you can use it as a
typewriter, although it is not quite the same as an expensive
electric typewriter. The reason is that to see what you are
typing, you must leave it on the “scroll” select. The resulting
up-and-down shifting of the paper can drive you slowly crazy
after a while, so you turn it off, but then you can’t easily see
what you’re typing. However, it can work this way if you want
to, and it quite often helps if you have only a short line or an
address to type.

With the keyboard option, you can easily set the vertical
and horizontal motion indices (more on this later). However,
one important reason for a keyboard is that with the IN^l
command you can type to the Apple from the Diablo and
have a written copy of your program or whatever while
you’re typing. The Apple video will show what you are
typing. Further, you can type upper and lower case, and
even the forbidden characters like the reverse Applesoft
prompt. In addition, the Diablo keyboard comes with a
numeric keypad, and this in itself can be priceless for some
situations. The KSR or keyboard option costs about $150
more, and it’s worth it.

However, back to the choice of which printer to buy, if you
have not already purchased one. Let me state this up front:
my personal feeling is that the Diablo 1 640, with keyboard,
is the way to go. That’s based on my analyses and prejudi-
ces; yours may be different.

The 1650 uses metal print wheels, which cost about
$40-$60. The 1 640 uses plastic wheels, which cost about $7.
Therefore for about $50, you can have 7 different plastic
wheels instead of one metal one. And, there is a far greater
variety of plastic wheels and manufacturers than there is for
metal wheels. If you use your printer for some very heavy
duty use, be informed that the metal wheels last about five
times longer; but keep in mind that metal wheels are more
than five times the cost, so you may save nothing. By the
way, the only 20-pitch print wheel available is plastic. More
about print wheels later.

The Diablo 630 is another option. This model uses either
metal or plastic wheels interchangeably. It is a more recently
introduced model than the 1600 series, sells for a lower
price, and while the 630 owners 1 know have had reasonably
good results with them, there are some features available on
the 1 600’s that don’t appear on the 630. It’s the old story of
getting what you pay for.

First, adjustments: on the 630 you can’t adjust the
hammer intensity. That means, for example, that the large
letter Orator 90% comes out very light on this printer. On the

May -June 1982 17

HAZARDOUS

AREA

f»QVS£R

1 640, you have a choice of three intensities. Similarly, the
paper thickness adjustment on the 630 gives you only three
choices, while the 1 640 gives you six.

Second, speed: the 630 is somewhat slower, at 40 char-
acters per second (CPS) compared to the 1 640 at 55 CPS.
Third, it is not all that much cheaper than the 1 640, as there
are many more “sales” for the 1640 than for the 630.

It is possible that in the distant future the 1 640 and 1 650
will be discontinued, as the 630’s appear to be cheaper to
manufacture. So, if you want a 1 640 or 1 650, don’t wait
forever to buy one. True, the 630 can take either plastic or
metal wheels, but the improvement in print quality using
metal wheels rather than plastic wheels is detectable only
with a magnifying glass, and even then it’s difficult for me. In
my opinion, the metal wheel is not worth all the extra money
for 95% of applications. Again, the choice is yours.

The 630 is said to be more reliable, but many people,
including myself, have trouble believing this. The 1640 and
1 650 models have been the work horses of the industry for
the last few years. Their ability to stay out of repair shops is
almost legendary, and in my opinion, they are about as
close to state of the art as you’ll find right now. Maybe
someone will have something better in the future, but at 55
CPS, the 1 640 is in a class of its own.

Ribbons

Let’s talk about ribbons for a while. There are three
different types of ribbons for the Diablo: fabric, multi-strike,
and single-strike. The fabric ribbon is OK for most applica-
tions, but like its typewriter counterpart, it does not give the
best letter image quality. Fabric ribbons are usually woven
nylon and have the longest life, but they will lighten up as
you use them, and will collect dirt in the print wheels, which

1 8 Apple Orchard

necessitates frequent cleaning. They’re great for drafts, but
their ecomomy may be offset by their inconvenience; who
wants to keep changing ribbons back and forth for various
purposes?

The second ribbon type is the multi-strike. It is made of a
mylar material, and is advanced one-fourth of a character
width for each letter strike. The print quality is better than the
fabric ribbon, making the multi-strike ribbon best for all-
around work. The ribbon travels through the cartridge only
once, which has led to an increasing interest in “recycling”
or reloading of the used cases with new ribbons. The
recyclers have a growing market, despite the claims of
some ribbon manufacturers that the reloaded cases do not
work quite as effectively as new ones. The recycled ribbon is
less costly, of course, so again, the choice is yours.

The third ribbon type, which is the single strike, gives the
best image by far, and can be used for offset masters. These
ribbons are also quite expensive to use. They strike only
once, therefore you use four times as many ribbons as the
multi-strike. In addition, the cost about 40% more. Each.
(Ouchl^PCW.)

Keep in mind that all ribbons have a shelf life, so make
sure that if you buy them in quantity, use the oldest one first.

The ribbons come in black and brown. 1 have heard of
one manufacturer that makes multi-colored ribbons, but do
not have the name, and hopefully some reader will fill me in
on who makes them.

Print Wheels

1 could write an entire book on print wheels, but will
restrict myself to some general points. In 1981, about 10
million plastic printwheels were sold, compared to about
700,000 metal wheels. The selection of type styles available
on plastic wheels is much greater than the variety of metal
ones. My own collection of about 12 plastic wheels covers
all of the applications that 1 ever could imagine. If 1 wanted, 1
could even purchase a Hebrew wheel, or almost any other
language. Figure 1 is a sampler of available print wheel
types.

Warning: all wheels do not have exactly the same charac-
ters, in the same places. This is because different users have
different needs. Check carefully to avoid getting a “ when

you really wanted a “ .”

The difference in print quality be-
tween plastic and metal wheels is
very hard to detect

Vydec, by Exxon Systems, makes a glass-reinforced plas-
tic wheel that lasts three times longer that standard plastic
wheels. As you would expect, it is about three times the cost
These give excellent print quality, and you can even get
them in 15 pitch (15 characters per inch printing). AGT
Computer Products manufactures a 20 pitch printwheel,
but you must slow down the printer to use it because the
print is so small that the wheel acts like tiny little teeth that
can chew up your ribbon.

There are even some manufacturers that will custom
make wheels for you. You can even take an existing wheel,
send it to them, and they can put on a special character in
place of one of the letters. The cost can be somewhat
expensive, but for one letter it is only about $20. ( Check, for
example, with Camwil Co. of Honolulu; 800-367-5675.
And let us know of others. —PCW).

As was previously mentioned, plastic wheel printers can
operate at speeds up to 55 characters per second; metal
wheel printers operate at about 35 CPS. The plastic wheel is
also much quieter than the metal one.

You must take care to set the intensity of the printer
hammer such that it is high for multiple copy printing,
medium for 1 0 pitch wheels, and low for 1 2, 1 5 or 20 pitch
wheels. If these precautions are not taken, you will have
shorter than normal print wheel life. That’s the reason why
the ability to vary the hammer intensity is important.

When you purchase plastic printwheels, make sure that
the period character has an overlay of metal. The reason for
this is that with the graphics printer programs, or even lines
of dots, the period is heavily used. The metal period can take
a lot more of the beating it’s sure to get.

The Apple Serial Card with P-8A
PROM avoids the most trouble.

Setting the Printer DIP Switches

We’ve already covered the DIP switches in the Serial
Interface card in your Apple. There are also DIP switches to
be set in the printer, and the settings must correspond
where required. The most important area of required cor-
respondence is the baud rate. If you set the Serial Card
switches for 1200 baud, then the printer switches must be
set for 1 200 baud. A less obvious example is this: if you have
the parity set wrong, the Escape “E” will not work. Many
strange things like this can and do happen, so be careful.

The Paper Out switch should be OFF, Speed should be
1 200 baud (Switch 2 OFF and Switch 3 On), Duplex should
be OFF, Switch 5 should be EVEN, with Switch 6 OFF (no
parity). You can choose either 10 or 12 pitch for the next
switch, delending on the wheel in use, and put Switch 8 ON
for the auto carriage return. Switches 9, 10, and 1 1 are not
normally used unless you have the options.

The Test switch is best left OFF, unless you want to test
the printer. The test process causes the printer to execute a
preprogrammed test sequence. When you test, make sure
you have full width 1 4” paper in the printer, as the test prints
the entire carriage width.

May - June 1 982 1 9

\Q ^■o^ p

■ ^•0^° ?"

5*0 O^

It-

‘^'fe/'; Oft

7-.

■ //Of

is the Diablo Courier 10

S !i It is a full ASCII wheel
wheel. J-t ,,; 4 -hi-i-hp 0.

as vou will notice withtthe -5
,. T f:^ni“ for listings

lace

9’''“^. nOtO'

as vou will notice
I? is excellent for listing

and such.

.e o.

/c?V

V' ■ . op''^^

h 'vihee'- •
pitch V

ai'C'

ers

^ ,0/ ^
;<> O

Se/®/.'^® tha I/.-

■ ^ y. . . _,

~^h Is Is +u ^

standard 6.

whell/ AH of"'theT^'"
work perfect/ en/?“"'® wheels wiT]
addition thi;/“ e*^,\”;ab,o, a„d'!„

's essential /“f/'P^'-'ods.

When doing graphics.

This is an example of the print face o
prestige elite 12 of the VYDEC line of
print wheels.

- /V -C'

> 'O

/'oV

^o; f?*

^ V'

^ %^-^n ^ ^

^<s> ^ cr

'^G '^O

'^/r\ > O yK ^

0 >/

5> i-H ::^ — I
n:zxx
p- m *-<
o m m CO

:^xr-
co ►-•

o •-« - CO

r“ -H

OyaV *^^0

''<?» '■'V

^<?

b b

O' ^ >

■4-.

'‘'^•

U./

"o.

% V''^ %

/ ® 0. 0

‘ ^ . o.

5 HO m

mH3^

5> m CO rn
H-. -i o
r- 3: __

ni > ”0 z

a X o

HH -I :o

> :3 XI

-o cz -H >

-o 3 X H
m mo
;j> — I X

PO O X

> > -^
z XO

o X
m m

. vS' '^o

o ^

vS' /

'■v

Figure 1

20 Apple Orchard

APPLE

CP/M

Expand your Apple into
a full CP/M system.

CDS announces the
U-Z80.

Just plug it in and it runs thousands of
additional programs, no modifications re-
quired. The U-Z80, imported from Eng-
land, is fully compatible with all Softcard
software, including Wordstar, Supercalc,
dBase II, Accounting Plus, Spellguard,

Microsoft Basic and much more.

CDS is the leading discount supplier for
this outstanding product. Why pay more for
the same thing? You’ll appreciate the prompt
and personal service that has become our
trademark. Call today for the U-Z80 and
ask for our brochure on our other products.

CDS

U-Z80

$195

U-Z80 $195
Shipping: U.S. — $3

Foreign — $10

P.O. BOX 696 / AMHERST, NH 03031 / (603) 673-7375

Apple is a trademark of Apple Computer
Softcard is a trademark of Microsoft

Vertical and Horizontal Motion Indexes

One of the most powerful features of the Diablo is your
ability to set the vertical and horizontal motion indexes; this
gives close and flexible control of the expansion or conden-
sation of the print; both vertically and horizontally. This is
excellent for graphics, text, or whatever. Legal contracts
using a 15 pitch wheel, for example, may use a horizontal
motion index (HMl) of about 1 5 per inch, while a large type
face such as Orator 90% may use 8 per inch. The VMl
should also be adjusted to in the same manner to compen-
sate for these differences.

A powerful feature is close control
of vertical and horizontal pitch.

These adjustments can easily be made from the Diablo
keyboard, or under software control (or the Apple key-
board). With the Diablo keyboard, to adjust the HMl type
<ESCAPE>, Ctrl -, and the code for the desired value. (‘Ctrl
’-is called “CJS,” and is ASCII 31 ). For example, to print at 1 5
pitch (15 characters per inch, horizontally), enter
<ESCAPE>, Ctrl and Ctrl I. The Diablo will then type at
that setting.

The vertical adjustment is only slightly different; the oper-
ative control code is called “RS,” with an ASCII value of 30.
We access it with ‘Ctrl .’ So, to compress the vertical to 8
lines per inch from the normal 6, type <ESGAPE>, Ctrl =,
Ctrl G. Now type anything on the Diablo keyboard and
watch how small the motion is, including line feeds.

To do the same thing from the Apple, we use the ASCII
codes in the print routines of our programs. For example, in
Applesoft we can do the same thing we just did above, this
way:

10 PRINT CHR$(27) CHR$(31) CHR$(9)

20 PRINT CHR$(27) CHR$(30) CHR$(7)

The 27 is the ASCII code for <ESCAPE>, the 31 is the
the 30 is is the “ =/’ the 9 applies to 1 5 HMl, and the 7 applies
to 8 VMl. Make sure you put all three of the characters
required for a command on one line or the printer will not
accept the <ESCAPE> after a carriage return.

Figure 2 is a list of the CHR$ values, the keyboard com-
mand, the HMl, and the VMl. In addition, for the specialists
we have some additional modes that are controlled by the
ESCAPE functions:

ESC 0 - set right margin ESC 1 - set horizontal tab ESC 2
-clear all tabs ESC 3 - turn on graphics mode ESC 4 - turn off
graphics mode ESC 5 - print forward ESC 6 - print backward
ESC 8 - clear individual tab ESC 9 - set left margin ESC A
-print in red (with proper ribbon) ESC B - print in black
(default) ESC D - negative half line feed ESC U - positive half
line feed ESC CTRL I (n) - absolute horizontal tab ESC CTRL
J - negative line feed ESC CTRL K (n) - absolute vertical tab
ESC CTRL (n) - set VMl ESC CTRL (n) - set HMi.

Diablo Printer HMl/ VMl Chart

CHR$(n)

Keyboard

Control

Vertical
Pitch
(lines /in)

Horiz.

Pitch

(cols/in)

Ctrl

■ —

—

Ctrl ’A'

—

Ctrl 'B'

120

Ctrl 'C

Ctrl 'D'

Ctrl ’E'

Ctrl 'F'

9.6

Ctrl ’G’

Ctrl 'H'

Ctrl '1'

Ctrl ’J’

5.3

13.3

Ctrl 'K'

4.8

Ctrl 'L'

4.4

Ctrl 'M'

Ctrl 'N'

3.7

9.25

Ctrl ’0’

3.4

8.5

Ctrl ’P'

3.2

Ctrl ’Q'

7.5

Ctrl 'R'

2.8

Ctrl ’S'

2.7

6.7

Ctrl 'T'

2.5

6.3

Ctrl 'U'

2.4

Ctrl 'V

2.3

5.75

Ctrl 'W'

2.2

5.5

Ctrl 'X'

2. 1

5.25

Ctrl 'Y'

Ctrl 'Z'

1.9

4.75

ESC

1.85

4.6

Ctrl ’ '

1.78

4.44

Ctrl ' ' '

1.71

4.3

Ctrl '='

1.66

4.14

Ctrl

1.6

SPACE

1.55

3.87

;

1.5

3.75

1.45

3.64

1.41

3.53

1.37

3.45

1.33

3.33

1.30

3.24

1.26

3.16

(

1.23

3.08

)

1.20

3.00

1. 17

2.93

1.14

2.86

1. 12

2.79

1.09

2.73

•

1.06

2.67

1.04

2.61

1.02

2.50

1.00

2.50

(Prestige Elite, 12 Pitch)
Figure 2

22 Apple Orchard

Introducing the hands-on chess
peripheral for your Apple II . . .

If you are a chess
enthusiast who has
been watching your
home computer play
chess, The Mate from
Destiny puts the game
back where it belongs--
in your hands.

The Mate is a strategy
game peripherai which
comes complete with a
powerfui chess pro-
gram on cassette or
diskette (5 Vn fioppy).
in fact, you can even
write your own chess
program.

All you do is move the
magnetic pieces on the
sensor chessboard and
the computer will sense
the move and respond
with his, through LED
iights on each square
of the board. Of course,
the computer display
screen will continue to
show the game in pro-
gress.

With The Mate, you can
bypass cumbersome
keyboard operations
and concentrate on the
game at hand. And
because its chess pro-
gram can be upgraded

Special Interest Points

Neil Upson has both degrees in Electrical Engineering
and an MBA from Drexel University in Philadelphia, PA.
He is a Registered Professional Engineer in Pennsylvania,
and works as a micro-computer consultant in the Phila-
delphia area. Neil was the founding vice-president of the
lAC, and is the present Software Chairman. He started
the Philadelphia Apple Club in 1 978, and is still its Presi-
dent. He developed the Lipson Light Pen for the Apple in
1978, and has written software for both Powersoft and
Progressive Software in areas of finance and engineering.

There are a few other things about the Diablo printer that
should be mentioned. If you want to use it with another
computer, as for example an Apple /// or a Commodore
8032, you must first correct one of the wires on the HPR04
board inside the unit to insure proper handshaking. The
Apple 11 will work properly with or without this modification,
but those of you with two computers may want to make this
change.

Follow the maintenance schedule closely according to
the manual to insure long term operation. The printer is
known for long term operation with a minimum of break-
downs, and most of the people 1 know (including myselO
have never had a repair, unless they spilled a milkshake
down inside the machine. Lightly oil the “rail” periodically
for smooth print operation, as the manual recommends.
Always keep the unit covered when not in use, and provide
good air circulation for cooling when it is in use. If you plan
to buy a tractor feed, as 95% of us do, pay a little extra and
get the bi-directional unit. It makes life a lot easier both for
normal use, and if you want to do something fancy like
reverse printing.

You could operate the unit with the cover off if you pull up
the cover switch, but watch out for fingers, or hair getting in
the works. Never touch the print wheel while the unit is on. It
tries to put it in the proper sequence, and the slightest touch
will cause it to jump. This includes the wheel-ribbon assem-
bly. By the way, the entire wheel-ribbon assembly moves
easily right or left only when the power is off, to change
ribbons, wheels, etc.

iirru

Bill Budge, creator of
“Raster Blaster,” needs it:

. I'll never write another
program without BugByter!"

FEATURES:

•All registers displayed
•Compatible with all
Apple languages
•Completely relocatable
•Full hex and ASCII I/O
•Multiple options while
in trace mode
•Literal and transparent
breakpoints
•Resident assembler
•Resident disassembler
•User-definable screen
•Ram screen dump in
hex and ASCII
•Comprehensive
documentation

Who else needs BugByter?

. . .Apple'users who want to learn
machine language.

. . , Apple programmers in need of a
complete 6502 debugging tool.

. . . Educators who need to demonstrate
the operation of the Apple's central
processor.

. . . Software professiorxals who need to
display and control all 6502 registers.

BugByter

NOW AVAILABLE AT $39.95

•Single keystroke
operation
•Instructional cycle
counter
•Hexadecimal/
decimal
conversions
•Can run in add-on
ram card

on diskette for Apple II or Apple II +
from

COMPUTER-ADVANCED IDEAS, INC.

1442A Walnut Street Suite 341
Berkeley CA 94709
(415) 526-9100

•Apple is a registered trademark of Apple Computer, Irtc.

And last but not least, 1 have included two Hl-RES dumps
using the Graphics Printing System by Paul Mosher M. D., of
myself and Donald Duck (I’ll let you guess which one is me).
As we have seen, this printer can do just about anything, and
the applications are limited only by your imagination.

24 Apple Orchard

apple compatible apple compatible

SELECT-A-PORT

Provides switch selectable sockets to extend the flexibility of the APPLE'S® game port.

Plugs directly into the game socket

Attractive case matches the color and texture of the Apple®
May hang conveniently on either side of the Apple® or set
flat on non-skid rubber feet

3 switch selectable sockets isolated by diodes to insure
against device to device interference

1 switch selectable socket which automatically modifies the

Joystick or paddles to operate as the second unit in dual

Joystick games or four game paddle games

Socket with no isolation for those special highly sensitive

devices

$5995

• Large pushbuttons

• Highest industrial quality components throughout

• Fits conveniently in the hand

• Extra long 60 inch cords

$3995

GAME CONTROLLERS

External trim adjustments to perfectly match the unit
to your application and computer

Self-centering on both axes (may be disabled)

Two large pushbuttons

Highest industrial quality components throughout
Completely linear pure resistive circuit

$5995
JOYSTICK

Available at your dealer or order direct

Allow 2 weeks for shipment.

All mail orders add $2.00 for postage and insurance.
Dealer inquiries invited.

Texas Residents add 5% tax.

Apple Is a Registered TM of Apple Computers, Inc.

1104 SUMMIT AVE., SUITE 106
PLANO, TEXAS 75074

Ph. (214) 424-8568

FILE CABINET STUFFER
AND

FILE CABINET FILE INITIALIZER

by Mike Kramer

Houston Area Apple Users’ Group

It is generally agreed that data
storage and retrieval is one of the
most popular uses of the personal
computer. The validity of this state-
ment is evidenced by the abundance
of commercially-available software
such as DB Master, Data Factory,
Information Master, and PFS. These
software packages offer a lot of
power and capability, but they often
require use of two disk drives for effi-
cient use and are possibly too expen-
sive for personal use. With a few ex-
ceptions, the files can only be ac-
cessed by the programs that created
them and cannot be used by user
application programs.

Most Apple users are probably
familiar with one of the oldest data
base systems available for the Apple
II... APPLE FILE CABINET. Al-
though somewhat limited in capa-
bility when compared to the com-
mercial data base programs, FILE
CABINET provides a means of inter-
actively defining data files, entering
data, sorting, retrieving records con-
taining specific data, deleting
records, and printing reports. One of
the best features of FILE CABINET is
its price. It’s available free of cost

from your friendly Apple dealer as
part of Volume 3 of the Apple Contri-
buted Library. It’s probably available
from most users’ group libraries
(there are at least seven versions in
the H.A.A.CI.G. library, each a little
better than the previous one). Per-
haps the best thing about FILE
CABINET is that the structure of the
data files created by FILE CABINET
is known and the files can be easily
used by application programs. If
FILE CABINET or the programs
described below are used for setting
up and maintaining files, those pro-
grams need not be burdened by in-
volved data entry code.

Although FILE CABINET pro-
vides many good capabilities, it is
lacking in ease of use when the same
data item or items are to be entered
in consecutive records. This became
apparent when FILE CABINET was
first used to set up grade files for use
with the grade reporting package I
wrote for my Biology Teacher wife. It
was quickly discovered that entry of
a grade in each student’s record re-
quired retrieval of his record by
record number and entry of his test

or daily work grade. With 150 stu-
dents, this promised to become a
real chore. Since I anticipated having
to enter the grades myself, FILE
CABINET STUFFER was developed
to provide a means to enter one or
more data items common to conse-
cutive records in FILE CABINET files
without having to call out those
records.

The second problem area was dis-
covered when setting up grade files
(you guessed it . . . for the same
Biology Teacher wife). It seems that
FILE CABINET requires that some-
thing be entered into every item of
every record in a file. Given the fact
that three files containing 20 items
per record were to be created each
six weeks for each of five classes
averaging 30 students, I figured
quickly that I did not have the time to
enter 9000 (RETURNS) every time
new files were set up. This time the
answer was FILE CABINET FILE IN-
ITIALIZER, a program designed to
create FILE CABINET files and pre-
initialize each data item with speci-
fied character, such as a blank or
asterisk.

26 Apple Orchard

Imagine writing better, you have four

faster business programs 20-megabyte drives

in 20% of the time. Now you or 8 floppy drives and

can, with this revolutionary 254 diskettes,

programming tool. Let’s H H TOS can use

face it. . .the great H , the storage space

majority K

programming is or several — it’s up

Every instance The database

of creativity may /// manager of The

require hours of Hi H H offers: fast

generating code. _ read and write / read

Not anymore. The and write directly to

Tool™ takes care of ■ H H ^b^HH H variables / over 1 5

the busywork, letting H H H H ^ million records /

you concentrate sequential and

on creating. ^ random access /

Design attractive multiple disk drives /

entry screens, partial and masked

validate, format, key lookup / Corvus

and store user H or floppy support /

input, with virtually 0 ■ record length as large

no programming. as memory

The Tool does it for you. What ^ REPORTING: easy report

used to take days — even weeks HHfl definition / define reports

— now takes only minutes. directly on screen / multiple

And the result is better, faster, column widths / calculations at

more professional programs. ^ print time / totals / paging /

The Tool provides an entry mm subtotals / page numbering /

screen generator, a database _ headers / title

manager, and a report • The Tool uses less memory

formatter, each with very H^^H than old conventional

sophisticated capabilities. H^IHHl^H^K H programming methods.

ENTRY SCREENS: ■ ■ ,• The Tool's many features can

The Tool be used from BASIC, giving you

allows you ultimate flexibility,

to make

usefulentry H

screens a ^P^fH H HH testing and

standard H debugging

part of your time,

programs. It handles all screen editing, field Using The Tool is actually like having an

formatting, and entry validation for you. experienced Apple IT programmer do most

Character Validations: of the work for you.

alpha / numeric / blank / yes or no / signed High Technology Software Products, Inc., P.O.

values / password / Radix 50 / decimal point Box AO-1 4665,2201 N.E.63rd,Oklahoma City,

/ dollars and cents ■ ■■ ■ Oklahoma 731 13

Field validations and formats: [405) 478-2105

range / valid entry / valid date / not in range I^J I I ® trademark of

/ not valid entry / defaults / equal / not " 'I "

equal / basic check / left justify / right justify m

/ leading zeros / invisible field / dollars and — F !■

cents / 1 00th of cent ^

DATABASE: ^ i= ^

The Tool Operating System CTOS) allows ^=E:= =e e eeeee ee e=e
files to span multiple disk drives. Whether ez" ■ - - -

FILE CABINET STGFFER

When FILE CABINET STGFFER
is run it first asks the user to insert the
disk containing FILE CABINET
FILES and press (RETURN). If they
are not found, he is asked to insert
the correct disk and try again. When
FILE CABINET files are found, the
BASEN AMEFILE is read and a list of
data bases is displayed on the screen.
The user selects the desired data
base and the HEADERFILE, contain-
ing the data item names, and the
INDEXFILE containing the actual
data are read into memory. A list of
data header names is then displayed
and the user is asked to specify
whether he wants to be prompted by
record number or by the contents of
a particular header, such as
“NAME”. He is then asked to indicate
how many items common to each
record are to be displayed and which
ones they are. If an “A’ or “ALL” is
entered in response to the “how
many” question, it is not necessary
to indicate which items. As soon as
the options have been entered, the
prompt item for the first specified
record is displayed along with the
current value of the first specified
data item in that record. The user can
then enter a new value, press
(RETURN) if no change is to be
made, or press (CTRL E) to erase
the current value. If an ( * ) is entered
or the last record has been pro-
cessed, the user can optionally up-
date the disk files, make more
changes to the same data base, ac-
cess a different data base, or end.

FILE CABINET FILE INITIALIZER

When FILE CABINET FILE INI-
TIALIZER is run, it asks for the new
file name, the number of records,
and the character to be entered into
every item of every record in the file.
It also asks the user to enter the data
headers (or data types) to be included
in the file. A check is made to see if
there are FILE CABINET files on the
disk. If the selected file name already
exists, an opportunity is given to
change the name before the old file
of the same name is overwritten.
When the necessary information has
been entered, FILE CABINET FILE
INITIALIZER creates FILE CABINET
files if they do not exist or adds to ex-
isting ones if they do. The monitor is
turned on to permit observation of
the creation process and then turned
off when execution is terminated.

The user can then use FILE CABI-
NET or FILE CABINET STUFFER to
enter data whenever he wants. It is
advisable to try FILE CABINET FILE
INITIALIZER on a duplicate disk until
proper operation is verified.

ERROR HANDLING

Proper operation of both FILE
CABINET STUFFER and FILE CABI-
NET FILE INITIALIZER depends on
use of the ONERR command pro-
vided in Applesoft Basic. FILE CABI-
NET in its various versions uses
ONERR to determine whether files
exist. It fails, however, to continue
handling errors through the rest of its
execution. This was discovered when
a file had not actually been updated
after a lengthy session because the
disk was write-protected!

FILE CABINET STUFFER and
FILE CABINET FILE INITIALIZER
both contain error handling routines
based on a technique presented in
the September 1980 issue of CALL-
A.P.P.L.E. This technique permits
selective handling of certain errors
and optional recovery or termination
with full access to system error
messages contained in the monitor
and in DOS. Try opening the door to
the disk drive just before telling FILE
CABINET STUFFER to update the
disk, or write protect the disk before
attempting to update it. With a little
study you should be able to incor-
porate the technique in your pro-
grams. Maybe someone will add it to
FILE CABINET!!

FILE CABINET FILE STRaCTURE

For those of you interested in us-
ing FILE CABINET files in your pro-
grams, the file structures are sum-
marized below. FILE CABINET uses
sequential data files, which results in
limited data base capacities, since
the whole file must be held in main
memory. Having the whole file in
memory does result in rapid retrieval
of information. The number of data
bases contained and their names are
stored in the BASENAMEFILE as
shown in Figure 1 . The BASENAME-
FILE is normally read into memory
and either displayed in a menu as
done in FILE CABINET STUFFER or
searched by an application program
for a specific file. If the desired base-
name is found, the string “HEADER-
FILE” is appended to the data base
name to obtain the name of the file
containing the headers, or data item

names. The header file is read in to
determine how many headers there
are in each record and the header
names. The structure of the header
file is detailed in Figure 2. The string
“INDEXFILE” is then appended to
the data base name to obtain the
name of the index or data file. The
first thing read from the index file is
the number of “records”. The index
file is usually read into memory us-
ing a pair of nested loops, where the
range of the outer loop is equal to the
number of headers and the range of
the inner loop is equal to the number
of records in the data base. Figure 3
shows the index file structure. Ex-
amples of how to read these files can
be found in both FILE CABINET
STUFFER and FILE CABINET FILE
INITIALIZER.

RECORD 0 MO. OF DATA BASES

OM FILE

RECORD 1 MAME OF FIRST

DATA BASE

RECORD 2 MAME OF SECOMD

DATA BASE

RECORD M MAME OF LAST

DATA BASE

Figure 1.

BASENAMEFILE Format

RECORD 0 MO. OF HEADERS IM

DATA STRaCTGRE
RECORD 1 FIRST HEADER

RECORD 2 SECOMD HEADER

RECORD M LAST HEADER

Figure 2.

HEADERFILE Format

Although an explanation of FILE
CABINET is beyond the scope of this
article, the file structures detailed
above should be useful to those who
wish to understand FILE CABINET
STUFFER, FILE CABINET FILE INI-
TIALIZER, and FILE CABINET itself.
A good tutorial of the original ver-
sion of FILE CABINET can be found
in the Apirl 1980 issue of Interface
Age in the article ‘‘Data Base
Management for the Apple II” by Phil
Roybal of Apple Computer. Instruc-
tions for using FILE CABINET can be
found in the Apple Software Bank
Contributed Programs Volume 3.

28 Apple Orchard

RECORD 0

NO. OF RECORDS IN
THIS DATA BASE
RECORD 1 FIRST ENTRY OF

FIRST RECORD

RECORD 2 SECOND ENTRY OF

FIRST RECORD

RECORD M LAST ENTRY OF

FIRST RECORD

RECORD M + 1 FIRST ENTRY OF
SECOND RECORD

RECORD M + 2 SECOND ENTRY OF

SECOND RECORD

RECORD N LAST ENTRY OF

LAST RECORD

Figure 3.

INDEXFILE Format

lO REM

11 REM » »

12 REM » FC FILE INITIALIZER *

13 REM » WRITTEN BY t

14 REM » MIKE KRAMER »

15 REM » HOUSTON AREA «

16 REM * APPLE USERS GROUP »

17 REM * MARCH 1982 »

18 REM * »

19 REM

20 HOME : VTAB 5

30 PRINT •■**»*»»*»»****»»**»»»*»
ttt*ttt*t*t**t***f' ^

40 PRINT

50 PRINT TAB< 6) "FILE CABINET F
ILE INITIALIZER"

60 PRINT

70 PRINT TAB< 15) "WRITTEN BY"

80 PRINT

90 PRINT TAB< 14) "MIKE KRAMER"

lOO PRINT

110 PRINT TAB( 6) "HOUSTON AREA
APPLE USERS GROUP"

120 PRINT

130 PRINT TAB( 15) "MARCH 1982"

140 PRINT

150 PRINT "*»»»»*»»**»*******»**
tttttttt***********";

160 VTAB 20s HTAB 13s PRINT "INS
TRUCTIONS? ";s GET A»: PRINT
5 IF A« < >■ "Y" AND A* < >

"N" THEN 160

170 IF A* = "Y" GOTO 970

180 GOSUB 870
190 HOME : CLEAR

200 VTAB 12s PRINT "INSERT FILE
CABINET DISK - PRESS A KEY";
: GET A«s PRINT s HOME
210 D« = CHR$ <13) + CHR* <4)iO
P* = D* + "OPEN"sWR« = D« +
"WRITE" sRD* = D* + "READ"; CL

* = D« + "CLOSE" sDL* = D* +
"DELETE"; REM CHR*(13) IN D

* PERMITS MULTIPLE DISK COMM
ANDS IN A PRINT STATEMENT

220 BN$ = "BASENAMEFILE"sHD$ = "
HEADERFILE"; IX* = " INDEXFIL
E"

230 DIM HD* <20) , BN* <40)

240 ONERR GOTO 810
250 REM

READ BASENAME FILE

260 PRINT OP*BN*RD*BN*

270 INPUT NB*sNB = VAL (NB*)

280 FOR N = 1 TO NB; INPUT BN*<N
)s NEXT N
290 PRINT CL*

300 ONERR GOTO 830
310 PRINT s INPUT "NAME OF NEW D
ATA BASE? ";DB*s IF LEN (DB
*) = O THEN HOME s GOTO 780

320 REM

CHECK FOR VALID BASENAME

330 IF ASC < LEFT* <DB*,D) < 6
5 OR ASC ( LEFT* <DB*,1)) >

91 THEN PRINT s PRINT "NAME
MUST START WITH A LETTER.";
GOTO 310

340 IF LEN <DB*) > 19 THEN PRINT
; PRINT "NAME MUST HAVE LESS
THAN 20 CHARACTERS"; GOTO 3
lO

350 FOR J = 1 TO NB

360 IF DB* = BN*<J) GOTO 390

370 NEXT J

380 NB = NB + IsNB* = STR* (NB) s
BN*(NB) = DB*s GOTO 440
390 PRINT s PRINT DB*; " ALREADY
EXISTS."; PRINT s INPUT "REP
LACE EXISTING FILE? ";A*sA* =
LEFT* (A*,l)s IF A* < > "Y

" AND A* < > "N" Goto 390

400 IF A* = "N" GOTO 310
410 PRINT OP*DB*HD*DL*DB*HD*

420 PRINT OP*DB*IX*DL*DB*IX*

430 REM

INPUT FILE INFO

440 PRINT ; INPUT "NUMBER OF REC
ORDS? ";NR*;NR = VAL (NR*):

IF NR ^ 1 GOTO 440
450 PRINT s PRINT "CHARACTERS TO
WRITE TO EACH ENTRY; "s PRINT
s INPUT "";ST*

460 NH = O

470 PRINT s PRINT "ENTER HEADER
# "sNH + l;"s ";s INPUT "";H
*s IF LEN (H*) < > O THEN

NH = NH + lsHD*(NH) = H*; GOTO
470

480 IF NH = O GOTO 470

May -June 1982 29

490

PRINT D*"MONCID"

500

REM

CREATE HEADER FILE

510

PRINT OP*DB*HD*DL*DB*HD*

520

PRINT OP*DB*HD*WR*DB*HD*

530

PRINT NH

540

FOR N = 1 TO NH

550

PRINT HD*<N)

560

NEXT N

570

PRINT CL*

580

REM

CREATE DATA FILE

590

PRINT OP*DB*IX*DL*DB*IX*

600

PRINT OP*DB*IX*WR*DB*IX*

610

PRINT NR

620

FOR M = 1 TO NR

630

FOR N = 1 TO NH

640

PRINT ST*

650

NEXT N

660

NEXT M

670

REM

WRITE BASENAME FILE

680

PRINT CL*

690

PRINT OP*BN*WR*BN*

700

PRINT NB

710

FOR N = 1 TO NB

720

PRINT BN*<N)

730

NEXT N

740

PRINT CL*

750

PRINT : INPUT "INITIALIZE MO

RE FILES? ";A*:A* = LEFT*

(

A^,l)s IF A* < > ”Y” AND A^

< > "N" GOTO 750

760

IF A* = "N" THEN HOME : GOTO

780

770

GOTO 190

780

PRINT D*"NOMONCIO"

790

HOME : END

800

REM

ERROR HANDLING

810

CALL 1013:1 = PEEK (222):

I = 3 OR I = 6 THEN HOME :

GOTO

300 REM NO BASENAMEFILE

. LET ONE BE CREATED

•

820

GOTO 840

830

CALL 1013

840

HOME : VTAB 12: GOSUB 920:

I > 3 AND I < lO THEN PRINT
: PRINT "CORRECT ERROR, THEN

PRESS A KEY:":: GET A*: PRINT

: RESUME

850

PRINT "FATAL ERROR IN LINE

; PEEK (218) + 256 » PEEK
219) : VTAB 23: END

(

860

REM

AS ONERR CORRECTION

870 FOR I = 1013 TO 1022: READ P
P: POKE I,PP: NEXT I
880 1=0
890 RETURN

900 DATA 104.168,104,166,223,1
54,72, 152,^2, 9&

910 REM

ERROR MSG PRINTING

920 MSG$ = CHR$ (O) : I = PEEK <2
22): IF I = O OR I >15 THEN

J = 53856 + I + <I = 255) *

- 1: GOTO 940

930 J = 43377 + PEEK <43583 + I)

940 K = PEEK <J):MSG* = MSG* + CHR*
<K): IF K < 192 THEN J = J +

1: GOTO 940

950 PRINT MSG*: PRINT : RETURN
960 REM

INSTRUCTIONS

970 HOME : PRINT

980 PRINT ’• »> FILE CABINET

INITIALIZER <<<•■

990 PRINT

lOOO PRINT "THIS PROGRAM SETS UP
FILE CABINET FILES"
lOlO PRINT "WITH A SPECIFIED NUM
BER OF RECORDS. THE"

1020 PRINT "PROGRAM RUNS WITH TH
E DISK COMMAND"

1030 PRINT "MONITOR ON TO PERMIT
DISK ACTIVITY TO"

1040 PRINT "BE WATCHED."

1050 PRINT

1060 PRINT "YOU WILL BE ASKED FO
R THE NEW DATA BASE"

1070 PRINT "NAME, THE NUMBER OF
RECORDS, AND THE"

1080 PRINT "HEADERS TO BE USED.

IF THE DATA BASE"

1090 PRINT "NAMED EXISTS, YOU WI
LL BE PERMITTED TO"

IlOO PRINT "ENTER ANOTHER NAME I
F YOU DESIRE. WHEN"

1110 PRINT "THE HEADERS HAVE BEE
N ENTERED, PRESS"

1120 PRINT "<RETURN> TO INDICATE
THERE ARE NO MORE."

1130 PRINT "YOUR NEW EMPTY FILE
CABINET WILL BE"

1140 PRINT "CREATED BEFORE YOUR
EYES. "

1 150 PRINT
1160 PRINT

1170 VTAB 22: PRINT "PRESS <RETU
RN> TO CONTINUE, <ESC> TO EX I
T":: GET A*: PRINT
1180 IF A* = CHR* <13) THEN 180

1190 IF A* = CHR* (27) THEN HOME
: END

1200 GOTO 1170
1210 END

REM

FILE CABINET STUFFER

REM

WRITTEN BY

REM

MIKE KRAMER

REM

HOUSTON AREA

REM

APPLE USERS GROUP

REM

MARCH 1982

REM

30 Apple Orchard

Win $500!

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In order to keep developing and bringing you very
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A random drawing, eligibility approval and list of winners will be verified by a Notary
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postmarked no later than Oct. 31, 1982 and reach us by Nov. 15, 1982. Prizes
include one cash award of $500, and 50 cash prizes of $10 each. All survey entries
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NAME.

ADDRESS

CITY/STATE/ZIP

AGE_

SEX_

Circle: SINGLE MARRIED # CHILDREN

5 6 7 9

COMPUTERS(S) YOU OWN OR USE (Circle) APPLE ATARI TRS-80 IBM PC HEWLETT-PACKARD HEATH ZENITH OSBORNE

10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17

XEROX DEC TEXAS INST. NORTH STAR COMMODORE VECTOR CROMEMCO OTHER OWNED HOW LONG

18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26

# DISK DRIVES-

OWN HARD DISK?.

OWN MODEM?.

APPROX. # DISKETTES OWNED.

28 29

BRAND PREFERENCE_

PRINTER BRAND.

MONITOR BRAND.

OPERATING SYSTEM(S).

AMOUNT OF MEMORY (Circle) 8K 16K 24K 32K 48K 64K 128K MORE # DISKETTES PURCHASED/YEAR

35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43

LANGUAGES YOU PROGRAM WITH OR USE (Circle) BASIC FORTRAN COBOL MACHINE ASSEMBLER MONITORS

44 45 46 47 48 49

FORTH ALGOL PASCAL C ADA APL LISP CAI DO YOU WRITE YOUR OWN SOFTWARE (Circle) YES NO

50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59

APPROXIMATE NUMBER OF SOFTWARE PROGRAMS YOU OWN PER CATEGORY:

EDUCATION.

BUSINESS.

GAMES.

SCIENTIFIC.

HOBBY.

HOME USE.

OTHER.

YOUR PROFESSION.

PRIMARY USE FOR YOUR COMPUTER.

APPROX ANNUAL INCOME (Opitonal).

_M0ST RECENT EDUCATION LEVEL (Circle) HIGH SCHOOL SOME COLLEGE

70 71

COLLEGE GRADUATE SOME GRADUATE SCHOOL

72 73

MASTER'S DEGREE OTHER

74 75

WHICH PUBLICATIONS DO YOU SUBSCRIBE TO OR READ REGULARLY (Circle all that apply) APPLE ORCHARD BYTE CALL-APPLE

76 77 78

COMPUTE COMPUTERWORLD CREATIVE COMPUTING DESKTOP COMPUTING INTERFACE AGE INFOWORLD

79 80 81 82 83 84

MICROCOMPUTING MICRO MICROSYSTEMS NIBBLE PEELINGS II POPULAR COMPUTING PERSONAL COMPUTING

85 86 87 88 89 90 91

SOFTSIDE OTHERS

92 93 94 95 96 97

APPROX # COMPUTER BOOKS OWNED

WHAT NEW PRODUCTS, IDEAS, HARDWARE, SOFTWARE, PUBLICATIONS, ETC. DO YOU WISH TO SEE COME ABOUT?
Please be specific and use additionai paper if necessary. Staple to survey when completed.

.. .. Signature.

Mail all completed surveys by Oct. 31, 1982 to:

NATIONAL COMPUTER OWNERS' SURVEY • BOX 264WOB • WEST ORANGE, N.J. 07052

*Apple, Atari, TRS-80, IBM PC, Hewlett-Packard, Heath, Zenith, Osborne, Xerox DEC, Texas Inst., North Star, Commodore, Vector & Cromemco are all registered trademarks.

20 = CHR* (13) + CHR« <4):OP

* = D$ + ’•0PEN"sCL$ = D$ + ”
CLOSE "sRD* = D* + "READ":WR«

= D$ + "WRITE”

30 HD« = " HEADERFILE": IX« = " IN
DEXFILE":BN* = "BASENAMEFILE

40 MEM = FRE (0): IF MEM < O THEN
MEM = 65536 + MEM

50 RC = INT <MEM / 110)

60 DIM DB* (30) , IP$(RC,21) ,H«<21)
,IT(21)

70 GOSUB 1110

80 GOSUB 1480

90 VTAB 21s PRINT TAB ( 13) "INST
RUCTIONS? ”;s BET A«s PRINT
s IF A« = "Y” THEN GOSUB 12
lO

100 IF A« < > "N” THEN 90

110 VTAB 21s CALL - 958s PRINT
"INSERT FILE DISK AND PRESS
ANY KEYS ";

120 GET A$s PRINT

130 REM

READ BASENAME FILE

140 ONERR GOTO 1060
150 PRINT OP*BN^RD*BN$

160 INPUT ND«sND = VAL <ND*)
170 FOR N = 1 TO ND
180 INPUT DB«(N)

190 NEXT N
200 PRINT CL*

210 ONERR GOTO 1080
220 REM

LIST DATA BASES

230 TI* = "FILE CABINET DATA CHAN
GE"

240 HOME s PRINT s PRINT TAB( 2
O - LEN (TI*) / 2)TI*s PRINT

READ DATA FILE

430 PRINT OP*DB*(NU) IX*

440 PRINT RD*DB*(NU) IX*

450 INPUT NR*sNR = VAL (NR*)
460 FOR M = 1 TO NR

470 FOR N = 1 TO NH

480 INPUT IP*(M,N)

490 NEXT N

500 NEXT M

510 PRINT CL*

520 REM

PICK ITEM TO CHANGE

530 HOME s VTAB 2s PRINT DB*(NU)
s” DATA HEADERSs”

540 PRINT TAB( 5) " (O) RECORD #”

550 FOR N = 1 TO NH

560 PRINT TAB( 5 )"("sN 5 ”) ”;H*(

570 NEXT N
580 POKE 34, NH + 2
590 INPUT "LIST BY ITEM NUMBERS
“ 5 lT*sIT = VAL (IT*)s IF IT
< O OR IT > NH THEN 590
600 PRINT s INPUT "HOW MANY ITEM
S TO CHANGE? ”;NI*sNI = VAL
(NI*)

610 IF LEFT* (NI*,1) = "A" OR N
I = NH THEN NI = NHs FOR N =

1 TO NHs IT (N) = Ns NEXT Ns GOTO
670

620 IF NI < 1 OR NI > NH THEN 60
O

630 FOR N = 1 TO NI
640 PRINT s PRINT "NUMBER OF ITE
M "sNss INPUT "s "sIT* 5 lT(N)

= VAL (IT*)s IF 1T(N) < 1 OR
IT(N) > NH THEN PRINT s PRINT
"INVALID NUMBER. "s GOTO 640
650 NEXT N
660 REM

250 PRINT “SELECT A DATABASES"
260 FOR N = 1 TO ND
270 PRINT TAB( 5)”(”;Ns“) ";DB*

(N)

280 NEXT N
290 REM

PICK DATA BASE

300 PRINT s PRINT s INPUT "ENTER
NUMBER OR '/' TO ENDs " 5 NU*
sNU = VAL (NU*)

310 IF LEFT* (NU*,1) = "/" THEN
1040

320 IF NU < 1 OR NU > ND THEN 30
0

330 REM

READ HEADER FILE

340 PRINT OP*DB*(NU)HD*

350 PRINT RD*DB*(NU)HD*

360 INPUT NH*sNH = VAL (NH*)

370 FOR N = 1 TO NH
380 INPUT H*(N)

390 NEXT N
400 PRINT CL*

410 POKE 34,0s HOME s VTAB 12s PRINT
"READING "DB*(NU)" DATA"

420 REM

ENTER OR CHANGE DATA

670

680

POKE 34, Os HOME s PRINT TAB(
20 - LEN (DB*(NU)) / 2)DB*(
NU) s PRINT

PRINT "<RET> FOR NO CHANGE, <
CTRL A>TO ABORT <CTRL

E> TO ERASE OLD ENTRY "s POKE

34,5

690 FOR M = 1 TO NR

700 PRINT ; PRINT "REC #";M

710 IF IT = O THEN 730

720 PRINT s PRINT "ITEM #"5 IT;"

= ";IP*(M, IT)

730 FOR K = 1 TO NI
740 PRINT H*(IT(K));“ = ";IP*(M,
IT(K))

750 INPUT "CHANGE TOs ";CH*

760 IF LEFT* (CH*,1) = CHR* (1
) GOTO 820

770 IF LEN (CH*) = O THEN PRINT

; PRINT "NO CHANGE MADE. "s PRINT
s GOTO 800

780 IF CH* = CHR* (5) THEN IP*(

M,IT(K)) = PRINT s PRINT

"ENTRY ERASED" s PRINT s GOTO
800

790 IP*(M,IT(K)> = CH*s PRINT s PRINT
"CHANGED TO " ; IP* (M, IT (K) ) s PRINT

32 Apple Orchard

A Hayes modem
makes it possible.

Your personal computer could be do-
ing a lot more for you. It could be communi-
cating over ordinary telephone lines with
any location in North America. . .anytime
of the day or night. With the help of a Hayes
modem (Smartmodem™ Micromodem II™
and Micromodem 100®), you can send
and receive reports from your home or
office, and exchange messages or pro-
grams with personal computer owners
hundreds of miles away. You can even
get the stock reports, today’s Washington
Post, airline schedules and movie reviews
by subscribing to one of several informa-
tion utilities. The possibilities seem end-
less. Modems are clearly the way of the
future. And Hayes leads the way-today!^

Smartmodem is a smart buy.

When it comes to features and per-
formance, Smartmodem tops the
300-baud modem market. With the
Smartmodem, your IBM Personal
Computer, TRS-80 Model II™

XEROX 820 -or any computer

with RS-232C I/O -can communicate
with all other computers using Bell 103-
type modems. Smartmodem can answer
calls, dial numbers, receive and transmit
data, and disconnect. . .all automatically.

Many cheaper modems connect to
a telephone receiver, which can cause
distortions and transmission losses.
Smartmodem plugs right into
your telephone jack ... no phone
needed! And thanks to an internal
speaker, you can actually listen
to your connection being made.

That way you’ll know Immediately if the line
is busy or If you reached a wrong number.

No wonder Smartmodem is, well, a

3S. oireci-connect iviicromi

0 to see why more Apple

Hayes

smart modem. And it stacks neatly atop other
Hayes peripherals, like the Hayes Stack
Chronograph™ RS-232C calendar/clock.

Micromodem II . . . exclusively for
Apple II® owners. The same quality and
automatic features associated with Hayes
Smartmodem are built right In the Hayes
direct-connect Micromodem II. It’s easy
to see why more Apple II owners choose
Hayes Micromodem
II than any other
' modem inthe world.
Don’t settle for
anything lessthan Hayes. . .Smartmodem,
Micromodem II and Micromodem 100 for
S-100 bus computers. Available at com-
puter stores nationwide.

Put your personal
computer on the line!

I’m ready to talk! Please send info on:

□ Smartmodem □ Micromodem 100

□ Micromodem II □ Chronograph

Name

Address

Zip

MAIL TO: Hayes Microcomputer Products
^ 5835 Peachtree Corners East
Norcross, Georgia 30092
OR CALL: (404) 449-8791

Smartmodem, Chronograph, Micromodem II and Micromodem 100 are trademarks of Hayes Microcomputer Products, Inc. ©1982 Hayes Microcomputer Products, Inc. TRS-80 Model II is atrade-
markof Radio Shack. XEROX® and 820 are trademarks of XEROX CORPORATION. Apple II is a trademark of Apple Computer, Inc.

800 NEXT K
810 NEXT M

820 PRINT : INPUT "UPDATE DISK F

ILE? ";YN«: POKE 34,0
830 IF LEFT* <YN*,1) = "Y" THEN
860

840 IF LEFT* <YN*,1) = "N” THEN
970

850 SOTO 820
860 POKE 34,0
870 REM

UPDATE FILES

880 PRINT OP*DB*(NU) IX*

890 PRINT RD*DB*<NU) IX*

900 PRINT NR*

910 FOR M = 1 TO NR
920 FOR N = 1 TO NH
930 PRINT IP*<M,N)

940 NEXT N
950 NEXT M
960 PRINT CL*

970 PRINT : INPUT "MORE CHANGES?

";A*:A* = LEFT* <A*,1)

980 IF LEFT* <A*,1) = "N" THEN
1040

990 IF A* < > "Y" THEN 970

lOOO PRINT ; INPUT "USE SAME FIL
ES? ";A*sA* = LEFT* <A*,1>
lOlO IF A* = "N" THEN 230

1020 IF A* = "Y" THEN 530

1030 GOTO lOOO
1040 POKE 34, Os HOME : END
1050 REM

ERROR HANDLING

1060 CALL 1013s I = PEEK <222) s IF
I = 5 OR I = 6 THEN VTAB 18
s PRINT CHR* <7> "FILE CABIN
ET FILES NOT ON THIS DISKETT
E."s GOTO 110
1070 GOTO 1090
1080 CALL 1013

1090 HOME s VTAB 12s GOSUB 1150s

IF I > 3 AND I < lO THEN PRINT
TAB< 3) "CORRECT ERROR, THEN
PRESS A KEY."s: GET AlSs PRINT
s RESUME

IlOO PRINT TAB< 7 > "FATAL ERROR

IN LINE "; PEEK (218) + 256 *
PEEK (219) s VTAB 23s END
mo FOR I = 1013 TO 1022s READ
PPs POKE I,PPs NEXT I
1120 1=0
1130 RETURN

1140 DATA 104, 168, 104, 166, 223, 1
54,72,152,72,96

1150 MSG* = CHR* <0)sl = PEEK (

222) ss IF I = O OR I >15 THEN
J = 53856 + I + <I = 255) »

- Is GOTO 1170

1160 J = 43377 + PEEK <43583 + I
)

1170 K = PEEK <J)sMSG* = MSG* +

CHR* <K) s IF K < 192 THEN J
= J + Is GOTO 1170
1180 PRINT TAB< 20 - LEN <"»»

” + MSG* + " »*") / 2)"»» ";
MSG*?" »»"s PRINT s RETURN
1190 REM ERROR MESSAGE PRINTING
(CALL APPLE 9/80)

1200 REM

INSTRUCTIONS

1210 HOME

1220 PRINT " »> FILE CABINE

T STUFFER <<<"

1230 PRINT

1240 PRINT "FILE CABINET STUFFER
PROVIDES THE USER”

1250 PRINT "OF THE FILE CABINET
DATA BASE PROGRAM"

1260 PRINT "A FAST WAY TO VIEW,
ENTER, OR CHANGE"

1270 PRINT "A COMMON ITEM OR ITE
MS IN EACH RECORD"

1280 PRINT "OF A FILE. THE USER
IS FIRST ASKED TO"

1290 PRINT "CHOOSE A FILE FROM A
LIST ON THE SCREEN."?

1300 PRINT "HE IS THEN ASKED TO
SELECT THE DATA TYPE"?

1310 PRINT "WHOSE CONTENTS WILL
BE USED AS A PROMPT,"?

1320 PRINT "THE NUMBER OF ITEMS
TO BE DISPLAYED, AND"?

1330 PRINT "WHICH ITEMS THEY ARE
. IF ALL DATA ITEMS"

1340 PRINT "ARE TO BE DISPLAYED,
’ALL' SHOULD BE"

1350 PRINT "ENTERED. <CTRL E> ER
ASES AN EXISTING"

1360 PRINT "ENTRY, <CTRL A> ABOR

TS THE CURRENT FILE"

1370 PRINT "OPERATION, AND <RETU

RN> ACCEPTS THE"

1380 PRINT "EXISTING ENTRY. USE
OF THE REPEAT KEY"

1390 PRINT "WITH < RETURN > PERMIT
S SCROLLING THROUGH"

1400 PRINT "THE FILE TO THE DESI
RED DATA ENTRY. "

1410 PRINT

1420 PRINT

1430 VTAB 22: CALL - 958: PRINT
"PRESS < RETURN > TO CONTINUE-
<ESC> TO END";: GET A*: PRINT

1440 IF A* = CHR* (13) THEN GOSUB
1480: RETURN

1450 IF A* = CHR* (27) THEN HOME
: END

1460 GOTO 1430
1470 REM

TITLE BLOCK

1480 HOME : VTAB 6: PRINT "»»»»*
tt***tt*$**$t****t*$*******t
»***»»"• PRINT

1490

TAB(

lO)

"FILE CABINE

T STUFFER"

1500

1510

TAB<

15)

"WRITTEN BY"

1520

1530

TAB(

14)

"MIKE KRAMER

1540

1550

TAB<

6) "

HOUSTON AREA

APPLE

USERS

GROUP"

1560

1570

TAB<

15)

"MARCH 1982"

: PRINT

1580 PRINT "*»»*«**»»**»»»»*»»*»
t$t $*********$*****"

1590 RETURN

34 Apple Orchard

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Apple Computer, Inc. products

Apple Software: SAVE

Apple Plot $ 49 30%

The Controller $495 21%

Dow Jones News & Quotes $ 69 28%

Howto! $ 39 22%

Microcourier $189 24%

Many others CALL CALL

Artsci Magic Window $ 75 25%

Ashton-Tate CP/M ^

dBase II for Apple II ^ $495 30%

Aurora Systems

Executive Secretary-WP $189 25%

Beagle Bros. DOS Boss $ 18 25%

Broderbund Software

Payroll $269 30%

General Ledger $ 349 30%

SOFTWARE

Infocom Zork II
Info Unlimited,

Easywriter (PRO)
Innovative

Apple Spellguard CP/M
Insoft: ^

on disk for
Apple

$219 26%

Data Most
Snack Attack
Thief

Denver Software
Financial Partner

$185

Epson, MX 80 Graphics Dump $ 9
Hayden, Sargon II (chess) $ 29
Apple Pie (specify brd.) $ 99
High Technology

Store Manager $189

Job Control System $ 469

Howard Software

Tax Preparer $115

Real Estate Analyzer $ 1 45
Creative Financing $145

25%

30%

22 %

25%

40%

25%

$329 16%

$129 21%

$ 34 33%

$149 36%

$375 12%

$525 12%

$ 75 25%

$159 20%

$269 30%

$ 209 22%

$119 20%

$ 549 27%

$ 249 28%

$ 25 29%

$ 99 34%

up to 35%
Fan Fold, Call for sizes,
thickness and prices
LETTER QUALITY PRINTERS:

Qume Letter quality printer
Sprint 9 45RO
Sprint 5 45RO
. NEC 3510 RO Serial

•ki

SAVE
$2195 23%

$2395 20%

$1995 20%

^Olympia (Typewriter/ Printer)

ES-100, 18CPS, with full cable and
interface to Apple II $1695 22%

PRINTERS:

Epson, See special Epson section at right
Intergral Data

Prism 132, Color Printer w/Graphics $1695 16%

Prism 80, B&W, ASF, W/Graphics $ 995 12%

445 Tiger W/Graphics &2K $ 695 23%

560 Tiger W/Graphics $1095 22%

Okidata Microline 82A $ 495 25%

ORDERING INFORMATION:

Minimum order $100. Cashiers Checks and
Money Orders welcomed. Personal Checks
allow 20 days to clear. Add 3% for shipping,
insurance and handling. UPS is standard.
Additional 7% for US Postal or APO.
Additional 3% for VISA or MC. Include
telephone #. No COD. Prices subject to
change and typo errors. Call to verify. Order
desk hours are 8 to 6 PDT, 10 to 3 Saturdays.

Electric Duet NEW
ALD System II or III
TransFORTH II or III
Insoft Accountant CP/M
GraFORTH NEW!

LJK Letter Perfect
Micro Lab

Data Factory, ver. 5 .0
Invoice Factory
Tax Manager

MicroPro all CP/ M ^
Word Star
Mail Merge
Spell Star
Data Star
Calc Star
Super Sort
Microsoft
A.L.D.S.

BASIC Compiler
Co bo I 80
Fortran 80
Olympic Decathlon
TASC Compiler
Typing Tutor II
Muse

Super Text II
Castle Wolfenstein
Robot War
On-Line

Expediter II
Superscribe 1 1 /Screen-
writer II
Lisa 2.5
Pegasus II
Threshold
Cranston Manor
Mission Astroid
Mystery House

$ 25
$110
$110
$355
$ 69

$112

$249
$129
$ 95

$239
$ 79
$ 159
$189
$189
$129

$110
$299
$559
$149
$ 24
$159
$ 19

$113
$ 23

20%

10%

10 %

20%

35%

38%

36%

10%

25%

24%

22%

30%

25%

27%

26%

25%

' Osborne (Disk and Book)

Some Common Basic Programs,

75 Business, Statistics and Math
programs for the Apple II $ 49
Peachtree Software all CP/ M
Magic Wand $250

GL. AR. AP, PRorInv $189

Personal Software/VisiCorp

VisiCalc3.3 $189

VisiDex $189

VisIFile $189

Desktop Plan II $189

VisiPlot $159

Desktop Plan III $209

VisiSchedule $239

VisIT rend and VisiPlot $ 239
VisiTerm $ 79

Zork $ 33

Softech Int'l

Stockfile $250

Stockseller $423

Software Publishing:

PFSII(NEW) $ 89

PFSIll $ 69

Report II or III $ 69

Sorcim Supercalc CP/ M $219
Stoneware,

DB Master (new version) $ 179
Sub Logic Flight Simulator $ 28

50%

37%

38%

SAVE

25%

20 %

30%

20%

60%

30%

26%

25%

22%

20%

OTHER BRANDS IN STOCK:

Accent, Adventure International, Astar,
Auto, Simm., Avalon, Avant-Garde, Beagle,
CPU, Cavalier, Datasoft, Delta, Edu-Ware,
Info Com, Lazer, LJK, Phoenix, Quality,
Sensible, Sentient, Sirius, Strategic,
Synergistic and United.

CP/ M Software 8" and 5"

All Ashton-Tate, Insoft, Micro Pro, and
Peachtree CP/M software available for
most 5" and 8" drives, and computers at
similar discounts.

3101-10 CLOSEOUT
= = =.= Terminal $995

SAVE

30%

/" 1 — CLOSEOUT

COMPUTER SYSTEMS

$3995

$2795

$6495

CALL

^ commodore

VIC 20 Home Computer

$249

16%

8000-15 208K, 4 User, 2 Disk Drives
MTU-1 Tape Backup for Hard Disk
8000-10 208K, 4 User, 10 Meg
Others in Stock

20%

25%

CALL

HEWLETT H/P85A ^ $1,995

m:f!M Packard save

H/P 85 Microcomputer/ Moniter/ Printer $1995 27%

aij=INTE?TEC SUPERBRAIN while They Last
sIsS^'eMS* 64KQD $2795 30%

H/P 87 CP/M Microcomputer NEW!

H/P 125 CP/M Microcomputer NEW!

H/P 82901 M 5" Dual Drives

H/P 7225B Professional Graphics Plotter

H/P 7470A Graphics Plotters

H/P 41C Calculator

H/P41CV Calculator 2.2K

Full Accessories and Software Line

$1995
$1995
$1650
$2060
$1249
$ 185
$ 245
CALL

20%

27%

25%

19%

25%

CALL

EPSON PRINTERS

MX80

MX80F/T

MX100 F/T w/graphics
70/80/100 Apple Interface and Cable
MX80 Friction feed adapter
MX80 Graftrax Chip

$449
$555
$729
$ 95
$ 59
$ 79

31%

25%

27%

15%

22%

20%

III 800 16K

Vjl 400 16K

$666

$333

17%

26%

^fEC Microcomputer

8001 32K Computer

$750

25%

Microtek 16K RAM
AIAKI Microtek 32K RAM

$ /b

25%

286K Total Dual Drive PC8031

$750

25%

$149

25%

32K addon and I/O Unit PC8012

$495

24%

410 Recorder

$ 79

17%

Ren Tec "The Wedge" 32K

$495

17%

810 Disk Drive

$449

26%

8023 Impact Printer F/T

$595

25%

850 Interface

$ 169

25%

Impact Printer Cable

$ 49

25%

Other Hardware

to 30%

3510 Letter Qual. Printer

$1995

20%

Full Line of Software

Visicalc

$159

25%

21 %

NEC PC Software

CALL

Pac Man Avail 5/82

$ 34

25%

5 Meg Hard Disk
wUI VU9 10 Meg Hard Disk

$2995

21 %

Communicator Kit

$345

25%

$ 4345

20 %

Educator Kit

$129

27%

CLQSE OUT

PRICES Omni-Net, Constellation,

$5245

Mirror,

20 %
In Stock

STAR INDICATES
BEST BUYS

REFERENCES:

We have been a computer dealer since 1978. Our bank
reference is First Interstate Bank (503) 776-5620. We
belong to the Chamber of Commerce, (503) 772-6293.

* Apple is a registered trademark of Apple Computer, Inc.

NO SALES TAX

Oregon Order Desk
(503) 772-3803

TOLL FREE

NATIONAL
ORDER DESK

( 800 ) 547-1289

APPLESOFT PROGRAM FORMATTING LISTER

by David H. Bartley

I PRINT ‘SAUE^ (y/N) i
QET

jH Ai <>T$ COSUB 4075 |

One of the handiest utilities for any language system is a
formatting lister, or “pretty-print” routine. Having been
spoiled by a good commercial Pascal pretty-printer on the
job, 1 decided that 1 had to write one for use with Applesoft
on the Apple at home. The built-in LIST command gives me
the information 1 need, but it sure doesn’t go out of its way to
make it easy to read!

Most pretty-printers I’m familiar with are designed for
printer output. 1 wanted mine to create nice hard-copy list-
ings, but 1 also wanted to make it easier to display parts of a
program in the Apple’s screen in a more readable form. The
Assembly language program in Listing 1 is the result of my
efforts to do just that.

Program Features

My pretty-print routine for Applesoft programs was
deveby loped adding the features listed below to the algo-
rithm used by BASIC. (The original code may be found by
disassembling from $D6A5 to $D765 in the ROM.)

1 . The pretty-printer is easily initialized by typing “BRGN
A/S USTTER” Formatted listings are then generated by
typing any of the LIST commands, preceded by an amper-
sand (&). The standard arguments (one line number, or two
separated by a comma, or dash), are allowed. The word
“LIST’ may be abbreviated to “L.” Output may be to the
printer, to the screen, or both.

2. All program line numbers are displayed right-adjusted
in the first five output columns. All program statements
begin in Column 7.

3. Each statement separator (:) appearing past Column
12 causes a line break. The is displayed in Column 4 of
the following output line.

4. Lines usually extend to Column 38 instead of 33. The
continuation of a long line is indented three extra spaces.

5. Each output line is indented an extra two spaces for
each level of nested FOR...NEXT and 1F...THEN statements.
To avoid squeezing too closely against the right margin,
indentation stops at Column 30.

6. A space is listed after every comma or semicolon
(except those in REMs and quoted strings).

7. The output line is broken and continued whenever a
space, comma, or semicolon appears past Column 33.

8. No extra blanks are displayed around the and ( )
tokens.

9. A blank is not listed before a keyword if the previous
character is a blank or left parenthesis.

10. A blank is not listed after a keyword ending with a
parenthesis (such as “TAB(”, for example).

11. Non-printing control characters are listed as letters
enclosed within square brackets.

12. The listing can be temporarily stopped and then
resumed by hitting any key. Control-C may be used to
cancel the listing.

Operational Requirements

There are a few things you need to be aware of, however.
A/S LISTER must be used under DOS with Applesoft in
ROM (or at the same locations in RAM card). It is not hidden
above HIMEM, so it may be wiped out if your program or its
data requires too much space. Another point: the vec-
tor is used to enable RENUMBER; if you’re using that utility
while coding, you can’t use the Lister, and vice versa.

There is one known bug: it doesn’t realize that “NEXT 1,J”
ends two FOR...NEXT loops instead of one; the indentation
will be slightly off. Since it’s better programming practice to
use “NEXT 1 : NEXT J,” 1 haven’t made provision for the
sloppier form.

The Assembly language program in Listing 1 should be
assembled and placed in the binary file “A/S LISTER.”
BRUNning that file loads the program in the Apple’s
memory at location $6000 (just above Hi-Res Page 2), and
sets up the ampersand vector. (Obviously, the ampersand
vector can’t be used for more than one purpose at a time.)
Once loaded and initialized with BRUN, the program may
be invoked with “& LIST’ any number of times.

36 Apple Orchard

A/s LISTER uses several entry points into the Appleoft
ROM as well as the “warm start” entry into DOS. It checks
for the existence of Applesoft, so it is safe (but ineffective) to
BRGN it from Integer BASIC. Don’t try to BRCJN it without
DOS up, though!

Programming Style

You may want to spruce up your programs a bit to enhance
the quality of formatted listings. I use these coding tech-
niques to make my printed listings even more readable:

1 . Don’t play games with text in REMs. A hidden line feed
(Control-J) or padding with blanks to get columns to line up
won’t necessarily work the same way with &LIST as with
LIST. This is the main problem I’ve found when formatting
existing programs.

2. Avoid ending more than one FOR on a single NEXT.
The formatted listing will be correct, but the identation will
be off.

3. Don’t put colons immediately after line numbers.
Some people do this to force identation of the listing. Let
your Apple do it for you!

4. Add a colon after a THEN if the whole statement won’t
fit on the same line or if there are several statements in the
THEN CLAUSE.

An Example

Figures 1 and 2 contrast the listing formats of the stan-
dard Applesoft LIST command, and &LIST. Several, but not
all, of the features of AS/LISTER are illustrated in this short
example. Figure 3 shows what happens when the adjacent
NEXT I and NEXT J are combined into a single NEXT I,J.

Summaiy

Whether used for prettier hardcopy listings of Applesoft
programs or as a nicer way to view them as they are being
developed, A/S LISTER has fulfilled by expectations. I hope
you’ll find it just as helpful. But, since few people seem to
agree on questions of style and the “correct” formatting of
program listings, please feel free to adapt A/S LISTER to
your requirements and aesthetics.

Figure 2

]BRUN A/S LISTER

APPLESOFT PROGRAM LIST FORMATTER
(C) 1981 - D H BARTLEY - AUSTIN, TEXAS
TO USE, PRECEDE EACH 'LIST' WITH &

]&LIST

100 REM — SAMPLE NONSENSE PROGRAM
110 READ M, N
: DATA 100, 200

120 FOR I = 1 TO M
: FOR J = 1 TO N

130 ANSWER = (3*1 + J"2) / 2

140 IF I = J THEN

: PRINT "I = J"

: ANSWER = 1 / ANSWER

150 PRINT TAB(10); "ANSWER =

ANSWER

160 NEXT J

; NEXT I

170 END

Figure 3

Figure 1

]LIST

100

REM — SAMPLE NONSENSE
AM

PROGR

110

READ M,N; DATA 100,200:

120

FOR I = 1 TO M: FOR J =
N

1 TO

130

ANSWER =(3*I+J"2)

/ 2

140

IF I = J THEN : PRINT "
ANSWER = 1 / ANSWER

I = J

150

PRINT TAB( 10); "ANSWER
ANSWER

= " .

160

NEXT J: NEXT I

170

END

]&LIST

100 REM — SAMPLE NONSENSE PROGRAM
110 READ M, N
: DATA 100, 200

120 FOR I = 1 TO M
: FOR J = 1 TO N

130 ANSWER = (3*1 + J"2) / 2

140 IF I = J THEN

; PRINT "I = J"

; ANSWER = 1 / ANSWER

150 PRINT TAB(10); "ANSWER =

ANSWER

160 NEXT J, I

170 END

May ■ June 1 982 37

Listing #1

1000 .OR $6000 (24576 DEC.)

1010 .TF a/s lister

1020 *

6000- 4C 89 60 1030 JMP INIT INIT ENTRY

1040 *

1050 ic'k’k'k'k’k'kic-kic'k'kic'kieie'k’k'kic’kic’kic'k'k’kic'k’k'kic'k

1060 * *

1070 * Applesoft *

1080 * Program List Formatter *

1090 * by David H Bartley *

1100 * *

1110 *********************************
1120 *

1130 * Improvements Made:

1140 *

1150 * = The LIST command must be
1160 * preceded by to use this

1170 * version. It may be typed as
1180 * either "&LIST" or "ScL". The
1190 * standard arguments (one line
1200 * number, or two separated by
1210 * , or - ) are allowed.

1220 *

1230 * = Each line number is right-
1240 * adjusted in the first five
1250 * columns. All statements now
1260 * start at column 7.

1270 *

1280 * = Lines extend to column 38
1290 * instead of 33 (usually) . The
1300 * continuation of a long line
1310 * is indented 3 extra spaces.
1320 *

1330 * = Each output line is indented
1340 * an extra two columns for each
1350 * level that "FOR" and "IF"

1360 * statements are nested. The
1370 * indentation stops 10 columns
1380 * from the right margin.

1390 *

1400 * = Listing can be temporarily
1410 * stopped by hitting any key.
1420 * Ctrl-C still cancels listing.
1430 *

1440 * = A space is now printed after
1450 * every or (except

1460 * those in REM’s or strings).
1470 *

1480 * = An output line will be broken
1490 * and continued whenever a " , " ,
1500 * or " " appears within 7

1510 * columns of the right margin.
1520 *

1530 * = Each statement separator (:)

38 Apple Orchard

P.O. BOX 192
CLINTON, MD 20735
(301) 868-5487

EXEC SYSTEMS

PROfiRAMS FOR USE WITH VISICAIC

VT 190 INDIVIDUAL TAX PLANNING
FOR 1982 TAXES. . .For the individual
tax situation this template allows easy
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Retail

$48.00

VT 200 BUSINESS/GENERAL. . .Inven-
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accounts-journals, reporting and analyses
are featured on this VisiTemp for the
business person who wants to obtain
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lESII

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$38.00

VT 208 APPOINTMENT AND TIME
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planners!

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$29.95

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$38.00

VT 300 HOME & FAMILY. . .VisiTemp
for practical home uses:

Calculator/General Format
Six Month Budget Analysis
Apple Expense Account
Daily Budget Record
Weekly Budget Account
Checkbook Reconciliation
Vehicle Cost Analysis
Grocery Comparator
Personal Inflation Index
Weekly Expense Input
Tax 1 Deduction Record/Strategy
Tax 2 Schedule A Deduction Analysis

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■

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$28.00

VT 310 FAMILY RECORDS. . .This
temp is designed to make family record-
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editing! Record formats have been
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property Inventory, tax records, insur-
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VT 210 REPORT/ANALYSIS FOR-
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provides you with a selection of pro-
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June 1982
Retail
$38.00

July 1982
Retail
$28.00

VT 220 MONEY MARKET COMPUTA-
TIONS . .Yields, break-evens, profit and
arbitrage. If you have any interest in the
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ESM 102 VISICALC SIMPLIFIED
TUTOR. . .Tutor and reference manual
for VisiCalc^'^ users.

Mail Order
$19.95

Retail

$28.00

apa

August 1982
Retail
$ 68.00

$19.95

TERMS

MAI L ORDERS add $2.50 for shipping
and handing

VISA/MASTERCARD accepted
Maryland Residents add 5% $ales Tax

Allow two (2) weeks

VisiTemps are special application templates designed to be used with VisiCalc.
/ Now more power from VisiCalc”and your 48K Apple”system! / /

Special Application Templates for use
with Personal Softwares VisiCalc™
VisiCalc is a registered trademark of
Personal Software/VisiCorp.

VisiTemp.

1540 *
1550 *
1560 *
1570 *
1580 *

appearing past column 12
causes a line break. The
is listed in column 4 of the
new output line.

1590 * = Tokens * and ^ are not
1600 * surrounded by blanks.

1610 *

1620 * = A blank will not be listed
1630 * before a token if the

1640 * previous char was a blank

1650 * or left parenthesis.

1660 *

1670 * = A blank will not be listed
1680 * after a token ending in "(".
1690 *

1700 * = Control characters are listed
1710 * as normal capitals enclosed

1720

* in

brackets (e.g. CJ]).

1730

1740

—

1750

★

1760

* applesoft/monitor routines

1770

00B1-

1780

CHRGET

.EQ

$00B1

00B7-

1790

CHRGOT

.EQ

$00B7

DAFB-

1800

CRDO

.EQ

$DAFB

D61A-

1810

FNDLIN

.EQ

$D61A

ED34-

1820

FOUT

.EQ

$ED34

D858-

1830

ISCNTC

.EQ

$D858

DA0C-

1840

LINGET

.EQ

$DA0C

D7D2-

1850

NEWSTT

.EQ

$D7D2

DB5C-

1860

OUTDO

.EQ

$DB5C

DEC 9-

1870

SNERR

.EQ

$DEC9

DB3A-

1880

STROUT

.EQ

$DB3A

1890

FDED-

1900

GOUT

.EQ

$FDED

1910

—

1920

1930

* SYSTEM VARIABLES

1940

★

0024-

1950

.EQ

$24

009D-

1960

DSCTMP

.EQ

$9D

0085-

1970

FORPNT

.EQ

$85

0050-

1980

LINNUM

.EQ

$50

009B-

1990

LOWTR

.EQ

$9B

0021-

2000

WNDWTH

.EQ

$21

2010

C000-

2020

KBD

.EQ

$C000 KEYBOARD

C010-

2030

KBDSTR

.EQ

$C010 KBD STROBE

2040

2050

2060

* LOC/Uj

, VARIABLES

2070

6003-

2080

CONFLG

.DA

6004-

2090

PREVCH

.DA

40 Apple Orchard

6005- 00

2100

TABFOR .DA #0

6006- 00

2110

TABIF .DA #0

6007— 00

2120

TXTFLG .DA #0

2130

2140

The following line buffer

must

2150

begin on an address below

XF0,

2160

★

where X may be any page.

2170

LINBFR

6008- 20

600B- 20

2180

.HS 2020202030 " 0"

600D- 30

6010- 30

2190

.HS 3030303000 ”0000!"

600A-

2200

LINBF2 .EQ LINBFR+2

6005-

2210

LINBF3 .EQ LINBFR-3

2220

6012- 8D

2230

BANNER .HS 8D8D8D

6015- A0

6018- A0

601B- D0

601E- D3

6021- D4

6024- D2

6027- D2

2240

.AS -" APPLESOFT PROGRAM”

602A- A0

602D- D3

6030- C6

6033- CD

6036- D4

2250

.AS -” LIST FORMATTER”

6039- 8D

2260

.HS 8D C/R

603A- A8

603D- A0

6040- B8

6043- AD

2270

6045- C4

6048- A0

604B- D2

604E- C5

6051- AD

2280

.AS -”D H BARTLEY - ”

6053- Cl

6056- D4

6059- AC

605C- C5

605F- D3

2290

.AS -"AUSTIN, TEXAS”

6060- 8D

2300

.HS 8D C/R

6061- A0

6064- A0

6067- A0

606A- C5

606D- D0

6070- C3

6073- C5

2310

.AS -” TO USE, PRECEDE ”

6075- C5

6078- C8

607B- CC

607E- D4

6081- D7

6084-

6087-

A0 A6 2320
00 2330

o -ID >1 rx *

.AS

.HS

-"EACH 'LIST' WITH &"
8D00 C/R EOT

2350 INIT

6089-

2360

LDA

#$28

CHECK FOR a/s 1

608B-

01 E0 2370

CMP

$E001

608E-

2380

BNE

DOS

-NOT THERE!

6090-

2390

LDA

#$4C

*'JMP** OPCODE

6092-

00 E0 2400

CMP

$E000

6095-

2410

BNE

DOS

-NOT THERE!

2420 *

6097-

F5 03 2430

STA

$3F5

& VECTOR

609A-

2440

LDA

# AM PER

609C-

F6 03 2450

STA

$3F6

609F-

2460

LDA

/amber

60A1-

F7 03 2470

STA

$3F7

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42 Apple Orchard

Apple Computers end Video
Tq|^ Recorders Go Ibgether

It’s amazing how many Apple owner’s
also own a video cassette recorder. Sooooooo

The Video Switch Box

To thank the Apple community for your support of the various M & R ENTERPRISE
products over the years, we’re offering an extra-special deal.

SEND CHECK OR MONEY ORDER TO: M & R ENTERPRISES, 910 GEORGE ST, SANTA CLARA, CA. 95050

FUNCTION

CHANNEL

SETTING

VCR

WATCH TV

ANY

WATCH VIDEO CASSETTE

3(4)

ANY

WATCH AUXILIARY

•B

3(4)

ANY

PLAY VIDEO GAME

3(4)

ANY

RECORD TV

3(4)

ANY

RECORD AUXILIARY

3(4)

RECORD AUXILIARY+ WATCH TV

ANY

3(4)

RECORD TV + WATCH AUXILIARY

3(4)

ANY

U.S.A. Sales Only

$ 29.95

California Residents add 6 V 2 % Sales Tax ($1.95)

• Brings all video components under simultaneous
control

• Eliminates unnecessary extra wiring while it
restores the remote control function of the cable
TV tuner

• Handles 5 inputs including; cable converter, disc
player, video games, TV antenna or cable, your
Apple computer, TV, VCR and auxiliary

• With the touch of a switch, your television turns
into a multi-media event

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44 Apple Orchard

INTERNATIONAL APPLE CORE
SPONSORING MEMBERS

lAC Sponsors are a special breed.
They are the organizations who
contribute to and support many lAC
activities. In addition, they provide us
application notes concerning their
products — notes that show new and
different ways to utilize the sponsors’
products with modifications for
special purposes. When you con-
sider a software or product purchase,
give our sponsors special consider-
ation; they have shown that they care
about their customers.

Advanced Operating Systems
450 St John Rd. Suite 792
Michigan City, IN 46360
(219) 879-4693

AgDisk

P. O. Box 80837
Lincoln, NE 68501
(402) 476-2811

Apple Computer, Inc.

10260 Bandley Drive
Cupertino, CA 95014
(408) 996-1010

Apple Europe
PCS Marketing
7 Rue de Chartres
Neuilly Sur Seine
France 92200

Bay Shore Medical Lab
250 Yaphank Rd.

Patchogue, NY 11772
(516) 654-2211

Bite- Soft
P. O. Box 175
N. Hollywood, CA 91603
(213) 843-1155

The Computer Lab
531 Broad St
New London, CT 06320
(203)447 - 1079

Corvus Systems, Inc.

2009 O’Toole Ave.

San Jose, CA 95131
(408) 946 - 7700

Enhanceware
91 Pioneer Place
Durango, CO 81301
(303) 259 - 3598

Hayes Microcomputer
5835 Peachtree Corners E.
Norcross, GA 30092
(404) 449 - 8791

Houston Instrument Division
8500 Cameron Rd.

Austin, TX 78753
(512) 835 - 0900

Interactive Stmctures
P. O. Box 404
Bala Cynwyd, PA 19004
(215) 667-1713

Leading Edge Products
225 Turnpike St
Canton, MA 02021
(617)828-8150

M & R Enterprises
910 George St
Santa Clara, CA 95050
(408) 980 - 0160

Nestar Systems, Inc.

2585 E. Bayshore Rd.

Palo Alto, CA 94303
(415) 493 - 2223

Omega Microware
222 S. Riverside
Chicago, IL 60606

Sirius Software
2011 Arden Way Suite 2
Sacramento, CA 95825
(916) 920-1939

Source Telecomputing
1616 Anderson Rd
McLean, VA 22102
(703) 821 - 6660

SSM Microcomputer
2190 Paragon Dr.

San Jose, CA 95131
(408) 946 - 7600

Steve Blackson Productions
4613 Redwood Drive
Garland, TX 75043
(214) 840 - 1000

Sorrento Valley Associates
1 1722-D Sorrento Valley Rd
San Diego, CA 92121
(714) 452-0101

Syntauri, Ltd.

3506 Waverly St
Palo Alto, CA 94306
(415) 494-1017

Telecom Terminal Systems
3903 Grandview Blvd.

Los Angeles, CA 90066
(213) 390 - 9494

Verbatim Corporation
323 Soquel Way
Sunnyvale, CA 94086
(408) 245 - 4400

Xerox Retail Division
7700 Edgewater Dr. Suite 360
Oakland, CA 94621
(415) 632 - 5808

May -June 1982 45

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46 Apple Orchard

NEW Apple II terminal software

• Z-Term “The Professional”^^ by Bill Blue, for
Apple CP/M*

• P-Term “The Professional”^'^ by Joel Kunin and
BIN Blue, for Apple Pascal**

• ASCII Express “The Professional”^'^ by Mark
Robbins and BIN Blue, for Apple DOS**

Businessmen

Q. Do you have difficulty operating your printer when
connected to a time-sharing computer? Are files
you’re trying to download too large for your system
buffer? Does your host computer lose data when you
send files to it?

A. “The Professionals’’ incorporate printer ring buffers
which allow slower printers to accept data at their
own rates. Very large files are easily received by
periodically saving the buffer to disk. Unlike some
software which can lose data during disk saves,
“The Professionals” not only direct the host to stop,
but actually wait for it to respond before performing
the save. After a successful save, the host is
automatically directed to continue. This process
may be repeated indefinitely. Lost data during send
is virtually eliminated by the widest variety of send
options available in any communications software.
“The Professionals” ensure fast, reliable data trans-
fer of any valuable business information.

Authors

Does your line of work involve sending written
material to others? Are you a program author who
would like to send work in progress to a partner or
client and know that it arrived intact? What would
the ability to instantly send material or programs to
anyone at any time be worth to you?

“The Professionals” provide the ideal way to send
your articles, manuscripts, reports, programs and
technical documents to another computer with
phone line access. Now you can work WHEREVER
you want, and be assured that your data is sent to its
destination quickly and error-free. In fact, compared
to the fastest mail services, “The Professionals” of-
fer immediate delivery and will save you the pur-
chase price in just a few uses.

Students

Q. Are you bothered by limited access to your school’s
existing terminals? Would you like to be able to do
your school assignments at home at your own con-
venience?

A. “The Professionals” allow you to access virtually
any dial-up school or college computer system over
standard telephone lines. This means no more
waiting in line for an available terminal or hassles
with malfunctioning school equipment. You can
even prepare term papers or reports while off-line
and send the completed work to the school com-
puter for final printing. Best of all, you can work from
home at the times most convenient for you.

Time Share Users

Q. Are you tired of wasting time and money sending or
receiving files with inadequate, poorly designed
software? Do you find yourself manually performing
the same lengthy log-in procedures over and over
again? Would you like to automate these procedures
for yourself and others?

A. “The Professionals” allow you to send files which
have been prepared in advance. They may then be
transferred at any time, as quickly as possible —
even to several different systems. No time is
wasted reviewing information while on line; data may
be captured by your computer or printer (or both) to
be evaluated later at your convenience. These fea-
tures assure minimum on-line time and therefore
minimum on-line cost.

“The Professionals” introduce macros that are more
sophisticated than anything previously seen in com-
munications software. These “hand-shaking” mac-
ros allow you to perform complete multi-stage log-on
sequences automatically; all you do is specify the
system to be called. This eliminates sign-on errors
and greatly simplifies operation of the entire system,
not only for you, but for other less skilled operators.

Bulletin Boards

Q. Would you like to be able to take advantage of the in-
formation featured on local bulletin boards and infor-
mation services such as The Source, CompuServe,
Dow Jones, and others?

A. “The Professionals” open the world of modem com-
munication networks to you. There are already
thousands of these systems and networks in use na-
tionwide. “The Professionals” provide an ideal way
of accessing these systems. All 80 column boards,
external terminals (even the 40 column screen), and
currently available communications devices are fully
supported, including the Hayes Micromodem II and
Novation Apple CAT. All standard baud rates — 110,
300, 1200 and others — are fully supported; BAUDOT
too, if your computer is equipped with the Apple CAT
modem.

Clubs

Q. Are there other Apple owners with whom you would
like to exchange programs or files, but have been
unable to do so because of limitations imposed by
the software you now use?

A. Any two Apples equipped with “The Professionals”
can transfer ANY type or size file with complete error
checking and correction. All of “The Professional”
packages are fully conversant with each other and
operate almost Identically. For the first time ever,
you can transfer compatible files to an operating
system different from yours — error free!

“The Professional” Series

Communications Software

Excellence in Apple

soutnujesteRn
data svstams^”

*CP/M is a trademark of Digital Research.

* ‘Apple is a trademark of Apple Computers, Inc.

P.O. Box 582-AO Santee, CA 92071 714-562-3670

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48 Apple Orchard

SYMBOL TABLE

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6226- LIS760
009B- LOWTR
D7D2- NEWSTT
DB5C- OUTDO
6253- OVRFL2
624B- OVRFLO
629B- PAUSE
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6004- PREVCH
DEC 9- SNERR
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6236- TAB

6266- TAB4

6267- TAB5

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6007- TXTFLG
0021- WNDWTH
6284- XLINP2
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60BF- XLIST
626D- XOUTDO
62B2- ZZZZZZ

PARALLEL PRINTER CARO

A Universal Centronics typ>e parallel
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and other with standard Centronics
con.lgu,a.,on

DOUBLE DOS Plus — a piggyback
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lor Epson, Aki, NEC 8023, CITOH 8510
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Super PIX HIRES SCREEN

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May -June 1982 49

EDUCATIONAL USES OF THE COMPUTER

by Ted Perry

Educational Uses of the Computer

The last few months have produced a number of new educa-
tional magazines, the message of which is that the educational
uses of the computer are beginning to flower. It is now possible
to buy a computer solely for educational uses, and to find
programs which legitimately justify the purchase. The time is
ripe to explore some of the possible educational uses of the
Apple.

The educational uses of computers divide into two general
categories: computer assisted instruction, and computer liter-
acy. In this article we’ll consider some of the computer assisted
instruction applications, saving computer literacy for a later
article. Computer assisted instruction (CAl) can be further
divided into subcategories, such as drill and practice, simula-
tion, and problem solving. Some programs are written specifi-
cally for CAl; others can be adapted for teaching purposes. The
two extremes in CAl are drill and practice, and gamelike
simulations for the improvement of thinking skills.

Drill and practice is what most people think of when the
words “computer assisted instruction” appear. There is a place
for the computer version of the flash card. My first original
program was a multiplication game. It was easy to write:

Generate two random numbers and their product;

Print the two numbers and ask for the product;

Compare the response with the known product;

Provide appropriate feedback to the student.

The program was used by my kids for more than a month,
when 1 discovered that there could be more to CAl than straight
drill; it was possible for the CAl program not only to conduct
the drill and keep score, but also to save that information on a
disk. In this manner 1 could easily follow each student’s daily
progress.

Milliken Math was one of the first commercially available sets
of materials that included full lesson planning and data collec-
tion. Once 1 installed several sets of materials that included
data collection; the computer was keeping the records, giving
the children one-on-one practice, providing appropriate feed-
back, and scoring the tests. The students (and their teacher!)
were enjoying the fruits of the Apple.

The students continued to enjoy trhe drill and practice as
long as the problems were at an appropriate skill level, but 1
wanted more from the computer. 1 wanted to stimulate higher
levels of thinking; 1 wanted the computer to teach problem
solving.

In the quest for problem solving software, 1 found the pro-
grams that simulate the sale of lemonade or crossing the U. S.
in a covered wagon, but 1 wanted more: a generic problem
solving curriculum. 1 have not yet found it (if you know of one,
please contact me . . . ), but 1 did discover the Adventure
Game.

For readers unfamiliar with adventure programs, take as an
example the Princess and the Wizard, an adventure by On-Line
Systems. As you boot the disk, you’re greeted by beautiful
Hi-Res graphics, in color. The graphics change continually,
showing you your surroundings as you explore the environ-
ment. You explore by typing two-word sentences, one noun,
one verb. e. g., “GO NORTH,” “GET ROCK,” “EAT APPLE,”
etc. You start in a small town, and are told that you must rescue
a princess, who has been kidnapped by an evil wizard. This isn’t
simple; if the adventurer takes the task lightly, he will “die”
rapidly. Care and forethought are rewarded; for example, if you
“GET ROCK” without looking behind it, you may be bitten by a
scorpion, ending that adventure quickly and (for you) fatally. {A
more thoroXigh disussion of adventure games can be found
in Apple Orchard, Fall 1981; back Issues are available.)

With these adventures, 1 have filled classrooms with creative
problem-solving discussions at very high levels of thinking.
Students have discussed the possible outcomes of innumera-
ble actions, and have gotten to a point that it is hard to find a
program that completely surprises them (Not bad training for
today ’s world! -PCW) Creative essays have been written by the
students about the adventures, and the adventures have been
rated for both difficulty and creativity. Students get together at
recess time to plan their next assault on the wizard’s castle. 1
have accomplished my goal through the use of a set of pro-
grams initially meant for recreational purposes.

The moral of my stoiy is: don’t look for educational pro-
grams only in the math section of your software supermarket.

In future issues of Apple Orchard we’ll explore the educa-
tional uses of the Apple; this is your magazine, for comments
and/or contributions. Address your letters to Ted Perry, ED-
SIG, c/o Apple Orchard.

50 Apple Orchard

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Current Issue Of This Magazine

May -June 1982 51

HELLO, OPERATOR?

(What’s an Operating System Anyway?)

by Joe Budge

There is something eerie about
computers nowa(days: they’re too
quiet. All those brains packecd in that
tiny box, but the box just sits there. No
lights flash, no bells ring. The fwap-
fivap-fwap of shuffling cards is gone,
along with the whirr and click of fly-
ing tapes. Instead, you can occasion-
ally hear a muted whisper from the
disk drive. Progress, that password of
the century, has eliminated the army
of lights, buzzers, and switches that
used to make us think of computers
in capital letters. Progress, embodied
in software, turned that cacophony
into a silent humnrtm Software not
only replaced the barrage of gadgets,
it also supplanted the people those
gadgets were built for. These were the
“computer monitors,” the anointed
who told the idiot savant what to do,
when to do it, and how to behave.
They called themselves system oper-
ators. Programmers, showing their
infinite capacity for cleverness, named
the new software packages “operat-
ing systems.”

If a central processor is a com-
puter’s heart, then the operating sys-
tem is its soul. The operating system deter-
mines every computer’s personality.
Give an Apple /// the software replica
of the Apple ll’s ROM-contained oper-
ating system. Poof! Like a transvestite,
the /// thinks it’s a 11. Feed the /// its
own SOS, and it regains its own iden-
tity. Commands, capabiities, and re-
strictions vary widely between com-
puter languages, but all of the

behavioral differences come from the
operating system. Take the example
of printers and other plug-in devices.
Apple Pascal always knows where
these goodies are plugged in and how
to work them. In contrast, the BASIC
user must enter slot numbers, initia-
tion codes, and other technical what-
not. But the difference lies in the
operating systems, not the languages.
So what is an operating system, any-
way?

Back in the old days, at least thirty
years ago, there was no such thing as
an operating system. Computers could
only run one program at a time. Typi-
cally, only a few input and output
devices were attached to the elec-
tronic brain. The system operator, a
human being, would load a deck of
cards into a card reader, set the
appropriate switches on the com-
puter, and then punch the “GO” but-
ton. When the program was done, its
output would appear on a printer,
punched tape, or new deck of cards.
The operator would retrieve these
materials, then set up for the next
program. Not only did this make for
long days, but there was so much
running around that the computer sat
idle most of the time. With computers
costing millions of dollars, this was
simply intolerable. Why not include
some extra cards with the program,
some software, to handle the set-up
and link in the next job? Such were the
meager beginnings of the operating
system.

As computers grew in size and
cost, it was discovered that the sys-
tems were still cooling their heels too
often. The computer could compute
about a thousand times faster than
card readers could read, or printers
could print. Well, why not let the com-
puter work on several things at once?
While one job was printing, a second
could be running, and a third could be
read. Just tack the extra control soft-
ware onto the operating system. As a
side benefit, the operating system
learned how to work all of the peri-
pheal, or plug-in, hardware. Programs
didn’t have to be as complicated or
detailed as before. Thus, life became
a bit easier for computer program-
mers.

And then along came disk drives.
All of a sudden, data access could be
fast No one had to go get your card
deck or tape any more; it was already
hooked up to the computer. Since no
one could type as fast as computers
could compute, the gurus let several
people type at once. Not to worry; the
operating system kept track of who
was doing what. They called ths new
operating system feature “timeshar-
ing.”

Now, microcomputers are kind of
simple-minded, as computers go.
They don’t have multiple users, virtual
memory, time sharing, and all the
other fancy features built into large
computers. At least not yet. So the
operating system in a microcomputer

52 Apple Orchard

can be a lot simpler. Really, all it needs
to do is keep track of what’s where in
memory, handle file storage, and
make all the input and output devices
work. How the operating system goes
about this gives the computer some
kind of “personality.” Consider that if
all the data files, programs, input, and
output must go through the operating
system, why then everything goes
through the operating system. That
piece of software is the principal power
broker of the computer.

To do its job, the operating system
contains three categories of sub-
programs, which it uses to get differ-
ent kinds of work done. The first
group consists of the device drivers,
which tell the haredware what to do
and when. The drivers contain in-
structions for putting characters on a
screen, for making disk drives work,
for sounding the bell, and all the other
physical things a computer can do.
As you can imagine, these are fun-
damental programs which the com-

puter must have to operate. The sec-
ond group of programs keeps lists of
information; lists of whafs stored
where, lists of what programs are in
memory, lists of where everything is in
the computer. The third group of pro-
grams is the interpreters for operating
system commands. These take com-
mands, figure them out, and deter-
mine which programs from the first
two groups must run in order to follow
the command.

Each of the sub-programs in the
operating system plays an important
role in giving the computer its per-
sonality. Apple DOS (Disk Operating
System) disks, Pascal disks, and Ap-
ple III SOS disks are physically iden-
tical. The only difference is that the list
keeper in each operating system
works in a different fashion. Since one
list keeper doesn’t know how another
works, these three types of disks can
only be used on the operating system
they first came from. Other sub-
programs have similar effects. To list

the contents of a disk, for example,
the BASIC programmer with Apple
DOS types “CATALOG.” The inter-
preter Imows what to do with that
command, and programs from the
device drivers and list keepers are
called into play to produce a catalog.

In the Pascal system, on the other
hand, the programmer must enter a
special interpreter called a “Filer,”
and then type “L” for “Listing,” or
“E” for “Extended Directory Listing.”
Since the operating system is all soft-
ware, there’s no reason why the same
function in the two systems coundn’t
have been identical, but they aren’t.
The differences usually arise because
one programmer thinks he has a bet-
ter way, or needs to accommodate
some special functions.

(/Vote; there's more humanity in
these machines than meets the eye.
A computer's 'personality" usually
is not too far removed from the
human who designed the operating

system. For example, an error mes-
sage could be ''Syntax Error," "You
goofed. Dummy," "Error 423G," or
"Please try again. " Which raises the
question. To what extent is "artificial
intelligence" merely our own reflec-
tion in an electronic mirror, rather
than a new source? —PCW)

Ideally, sub-programs in all three
groups should be independent of
each other. Then, if a computer owner
decides to do something different
with his computer, he must change
only the appropriate piece. Want a
new disk drive? Change the disk driver.
Want a different character font on the
screen? Change the screen driver.
Want a different set of commands, or
a new one? Change the command
interpreter. The Apple / //’s SOS works
this way, which is the major advance
in that computer (not four arrows on
the keyboard).

Sometimes the operating system is
split up among many different pieces
of software, however. In the Apple II,
for instance, a program called the
“Monitor” contains the sub-programs
which work the video display and
keyboard. Sub-programs which run

printers are built into the interface
cards you plug into the slots. Sub
programs for the disk drives come in
DOS. Some of the programs are built
into the computer using ROM (read-
only memory) chips, so they can’t be
changed; any major changes would
instantly render most of your software
or hardware useless. As a con-
sequence, any changes must be
“patched” in with awkward signals.
This is why the Apple II BASIC pro-
grammer must start all DOS com-
mands with a Control-D, for example.
To get around this problem, Pascal,
using the language card, turns off the
Apple II’s built-in software. With the
built-in software out of the way, new
operating systems can work in the
Apple II.

There’s even a trend afoot to add a
new level of programs to the operat-
ing system. If you’ve ever played with
Pascal, you know that the system
software includes something called a
“text editor.” This is a program which
lets you enter, edit, and save typewrit-
ing in the computer. The editor is
there because you can’t write a pro-
gram without it. But it turns out that
the editor has all kinds of other handy

uses, not the least of which is word
processing. Just a few years ago, this
would have been called applications
software. Guess what? Almost every
operating system on a microcom-
puter contains some form of editor
now. These range from the simple
Escape-UKM commands of Apple II
BASIC to the full-blown word proces-
sor that comes with the Osborne
computer.

The trend is leading toward simpli-
fication of the operating system from
the user’s point of view. Operating
systems, you see, used to be written
by programmers for programmers.
But non-programmers are using com-
puters now. Non-programmers have
neither the time nor the patience to
learn a long list of operating system
commands. To overcome this hurdle,
operating systems are starting to use
menus, from which a user selects the
program or function of his choice,
just like choosing a meal in a restau-
rant. Special ways of pointing at the
screen are being invented. In effect,
the user will be able to point at the
screen and say, “I want that.” Who
knows, one of these days, we might
be able to figure out these machines.

A EUlOE TO

PFiDsn^iMiniE ini ^PLEsarr

Now everyone can
master Applesoft®
— the computer lan-
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and phrases as com-
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An effective tool for
putting Applesoft® in-
to practice, this innovative handbook
from Lawrenceville Press will be es-
pecially useful whether you’re a begin-
ning or intermediate computerist.
Thought-provoking word problems
together with clever drawings guide
you directly to higher levels of
achievement.

All topics are arranged so you can
concentrate on the sequence of study
that particularly interests you. This far-

By Bruce Presley

reaching learning experience covers
everything from the fundamentals of
programming to decisions and loops
. . . nested loops and subscripted vari-
ables . . . mathematical functions . . .

and data types.

Motivating discussions on graphics,
flowcharts, disk operating systems,
and even computer games expand
your range of computer applications.
You’ll become expert at starting pro-
grams . . . saving, recalling, and storing
programs and data... using a tape
recorder with the computer. . .using
PEEK and POKE — methods of re-
trieving contents and inserting data
into the Apple’s memory... and per-
forming other programming functions.
123 pages, 8 V 2 x 11, $12.95 paper

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54 Apple Orchard

THREE PASCAL “FEATURES”

by Paul A. Sand

it’s often the case that what one person considers to be a
bug in a program may be perceived as an unimportant
quibble by someone else, or perhaps even a beneficial
aspect. The saying, “That’s not a bug, it’s a feature!' is a
relatively well-known epigram from the bizarre world of
computer humor, showing that there can occasionally be
disagreement about the seriousness of abnormal program
behavior. In the course of writing a number of Pascal pro-

LISTING 1

program testmod;

var

a, b: integer;

function imod(a, b: integer): integer;

(* Return a mod b, standard definition *)
var

r: real;
i: integer;

begin

r := a/b;
i := trunc(r);
if (r >= 0) or (i = r) then
imod := a - b * i
else

imod :=a-b* (i- 1)

end;

begin

repeat

write( ’Input a: ’ ) ;

readln(a) ;

write(’ Input b:’);

readln(b) ;

writeln( ’a = ’ , a) ;

writeln( ’ b = ’ , b) ;

writeln(’a mod b = a mod b);

writeln(’a - b * (a div b) = ’ ,

a - b * (a div b));
writeln( ’ imod(a, b) = ’ , imod(a, b))
until a = 0
end.

grams on the Apple 11, I’ve come across three interesting
quirks in the system that 1 haven’t seen described before.
Since you and 1 may not agree on the importance of these
oddities, 1 11 avoid calling them “bugs, ” and you can draw
your own conclusions.

1) The MOD Function

Apple Pascal’s MOD function behaves neither like the
standard mathematical definition of MOD, nor like the defi-
nition given in most Pascal texts, including Pascal User
Manual and Report by Jensen and Wirth. To demonstrate,
we first need a little background.

The conventional definition of the MOD function (see, for
example, Knuth’s Fundamental Algorithms, Page 38) is
something like this:

A MOD B = A ■ B * FLOOR (A/B)

(assuming B « 0)

where the “floor” function is further defined as:

FLOOR(X) = “The largest integer <= X”

On the other hand, most Pascal texts either define MOD
by saying “A MOD B is the remainder when A is divided by
B,” or, as in Jensen and Wirth (Page 1 3), they may use the
formula:

AMODB =A -B *(ADIVB)

The problem with these two definitions is that, depending
on Pascal’s implementation of “DIV,” the two formulas can
give two different answers when A or B are negative. In the
case of Apple Pascal, they do in fact give different answers.
What’s worse is that the actual MOD function in Apple
Pascal can give a third different answer! The program in
Listing 1 gives an example.

In this program, the function “imod” was
written to return the conventional value of A MOD B. The
program simply asks for two integers, A and B, then returns
the value of A MOD B calculated by the MOD function and
also the two definitions above. If one enters the values -2 for
A and 12 for B, the resulting output looks like this:

A = -2

B = 12

AMODB=2

A-B*(ADIVB)=-2

imod(A, B) = 10

That’s three different answers for the same problem,
depending on how we do the MOD calculation. The moral

May - June 1 982 55

here is: Don’t always expect books to tell you what the
computer is going to do.

2) Real Number Input

It’s a frustrating thing to be forced to write your own
routine to accomplish a certain task when you know that
such a routine already exists, but is inaccessible to you. One
such example in the Pascal system is the conversion of a
string of characters into a number. The system “knows”
how to do the translation — it happens every time a value is
typed in at the keyboard or read from a text file. But if you
want your program to do the same thing, you’ll have to write
your own procedure to do it, because the system hides the
procedure from you.

Let’s assume you want to write a routine to translate a
string of characters into a real number. One of the things
you should know while writing such a module is the smallest
and largest positive real numbers the system can represent,
so your routine can avoid over- and underflows. To deter-
mine these values, you might write a program like this:

program readreal;

var
x: real
begin

whBe TRUE do
begin

write(‘Enter x’:);

readln(x);

writeln('x = ',x)

end

end.

This program will blow up with a floating point execution
error if you type in a number too large or too close to zero.
With experimentation, you’ll find that the largest real
number Pascal can represent is approximately 3.40E38,
and the smallest positive real number is approximately
1.18E-38. Or, more accurately, these are the limits on the
numbers one can enter using the READ procedure.

A problem arises when you try to incorporate the smaller
number into a program. If you use the lines:

const

TINY = 1.1 8E-38

or even:

IFX>+ 1.18e-38THEN . . .

... the Pascal compiler will (Kaboom!) self-destruct on
attempting to translate the number. To be more precise, the
compiler program itself will halt with a floating point execu-
tion error.

What does this mean? Apparently, there are actually two
different routines in the Pascal system for translating strings
of characters into real numbers: one used by the READ
statement, and one used by the compiler. And the routine
the compiler uses will not translate some numbers which
offer no problem to the other one.

Here’s an example of another symptom of having two
different real number conversion routines:

program realtest;

var

x: real;

begin

repeat

write('Enter x':);
readln(x);
writeln('x = ',x)
untilx = 2.718281828
end.

Most programmers know better than to compare two
floating point numbers for exact equality. But in this exam-
ple we might reasonably expect such a comparison to work.
If you enter “2.718281828” the program should react nor-
mally, shouldn’t it? Well, in Apple Pascal, it doesn’t. The two
different conversion routines translate the strings (in the
program and in the READ statement) into two ever so
slightly different floating point representations. The com-
parison fails, and the program continues on.

There’s no good reason why there should be more than
one such routine in the Apple Pascal system. (The one you
may have to write will be at least the third!) A major benefit of
using a modular programming language like Pascal is that
one can write a single reliable procedure to accomplish a
given task, and use it in a variety of applications. The moral:
Duplicated programming effort is not only wasteful, but it
can lead to — er, “features” — in your programs.

3)Real Number Output

We just discussed the frustration one feels when a routine
must be written to do something the system already knows
how to do. Another kind of pain results when the language
texts and system documentation spell out in detail what a
given funtion does in different circumstances - and then in
practice the function actually does something entirely
different.

Such is the case with the standard procedures WRITE or
WRITELN when they are used to output real numbers. Most
texts, as well as Apple’s own documentation, (seethe App/e
Pascal Language Reference Manual Pages 36-37) des-
cribe the procedure as follows: The statement:

WRITELN(X: W: D)

. . . will cause the real number X to be written, after it is
converted to a string. The optional variables W and D con-
trol the output format; W is the minimum number of charac-
ters that will be printed, and D is the number of digits to be
printed after the decimal point.

So far, so good. Consider the program in Listing 2:

USTING 2
program testwrite;
var

w, d, i : integer;

X : real;

begin

x:= 0.123456;

w := 20;

d := 8;

for i := 1 to 10 do
begin

writeln(x: w: d);
x*-(10*x)
end

end.

56 Apple Orchard

BUSINESS FOFIM PROCESSING

Application Memo #1= INVOICES

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• Inventory Ledgers

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• Personnel Records

Send for Application Note INV-01

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Based on the above discussion, we would expect some
thing like the following output:

0.12345600
1.23456000
12.34560000
123.45600000
1234.56000000
12345.60000000

123456.00000000

1234560.00000000

12345600.00000000

1 23456000.00000000

Instead, when we run the program, we get:

0.123456 M
1.23456
12.3456
123.456
1234.56
12345.6
123456.

1.2345^6

1.23456E7

1.23456E8

What’s the problem here? Not only does Pascal fail to
print the eight digits we requested after the decimal point, it
also switches over to scientific notation after a certain point
And the extraneous “M” that appears after the first number
is certainly a strange — er, “feature." I don’t know what else
to say about it It seems that the output routines will display a
maximum of six significant digits in a real number, presum-
ably to protect the user from misinterpretinr the results of
his/her program. The programmers who decided to im-
plement real number formatting in this way no doubt had
good reasons (in their own minds) for their decision, but the
problem is that such behavior contradicts the documenta-
tion and most Pascal texts.

So here’s one possible solution to the problem; Listing 3
is a simple routine to convert a real number to a formatted
string, using the same parameters for minimum field width
and digits after the decimal point:

USTING 3

procedure rtos(var s: string; r: real;

len, ndlgits : integer);

(* Convert real number (r) to a string (s) *)
(* len = minimum field width *)

(* ndigs = no. of digits after decimal pt. *)
var

negnum: boolean;
si: string[l];
e, expo, 1: integer;
plO: real;

begin

negnum := (r < 0.0);

r := abs(r) + 0. 5/pwrof ten(ndigits) ;
expo := 0;
e := 32;

while e > 0 do begin
plO := pwroften(e);
while r >= plO do begin
r := r/plO;
expo := expo + e
end;

e := e div 2
end;

for i := expo downto 0 do begin
sl[l] := chr(trunc(r) + 48);
s := concat(s, si);
r := 10.0 * (r - trunc(r))
end;

if ndigits > 0 then begin
s := concat(s, ’ . ’ ) ;
for i := 1 to ndigits do begin
sl[l] := chr(trunc(r) + 48);
s := concat(s, si);
r := 10.0 * (r - trunc(r))

end

end;

if negnum then

s := concat(’-’ , s);
while length(s) < len do
s := concat ( ' ’ , s)

end;

The routine could, for example, replace the statement:

WRITELN(X:W:D);
with the two statements:

RTOS(S, X, W, D);

WRITELN(S)

Disclaimer: Listing 3 isn’t meant to be a general-purpose
real-to-string routine, just an indication of a possible solu-
tion. It doesn’t take too much care in checking its input
parameters, and it returns “noise” digits in the output string
if one attempts to obtain more digits than Pascal can
represent accurately. But enhancements to correct these
features are easy to add; they are left to the interested
reader.

Conclusion

I’ve tried to demonstrate three problems in Apple’s
implementation of Pascal. 1 don’t want to make more out of
it than is necessary; seen in the context of the whole Pascal
system, they are relatively minor surprises that the majority
of programmers will perhaps never come across. Apple
Pascal, in my opinion, is still an excellent choice for software
development

On the other hand, 1 don’t want to minimize the serious-
ness of such language quirks. They are undocumented
pitfalls that the programmer must discover and avoid, so
they do make one’s programming effort more difficult
They also damage one of Pascal’s nicest benefits: its porta-
bility. A Pascal program written on the Apple can be moved
(in theory) to another computer and run with relatively little
modification, and vice versa. But deviations and — er, “fea-
tures” like these can make such modifications much more
difficult.

58 Apple Orchard

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SEVENTH ANNUAL COMPUTER FAIRE

by Amanda Hixson

For the past several years we have
been presented with the West Coast
Computer Faire and Convention. This
event is the brain child of Jim Warren,
and has been a showcase for the
computer enthusiast in the past. In
fact, the Apple 11 computer was first
introduced at a previous West Coast
Faire. Little did anyone know, then...

Some of the prior shows have
resembled crowded bazaars rather
than sophisticated demonstrations of
current computer products. This
year’s Show bore much less resemb-
lance to a town square market place
than past shows. Certainly, there were
the usual masses of computer fanat-
ics, but this year’s Faire contained
some striking new elements. The most
important was the concentration on
the end user, and the increasing pro-
fessionalism by both manufacturers
and retailers.

60 Apple Orchard

In the past, it had often been diffi-
cult to tell the buyers from the sellers.
Much of this was due to the industry’s
lack of polish, and the quickness with
which which the industry was devel-
oping. This year’s Faire evidenced a
maturation of both the consumers
and the vendors present. No longer
will we deal only with the blue-jeaned
programmer; now we must contend
with the slick Madison Avenue pro-
fessional in the three-piece suit as he
hawks the wares of various software
and hardware houses.

access) is around $500, and addi-
tional boards run around $180 per
station. The whole system operates
with a number of hard or floppy disk
systems.

Not only does industry competition
create a competitive basic price struc-
ture for the consumer, but it also
creates the need for new product
development and upgrading of al-
ready existing packages. This benefits

those of us who already own systems
because it gives us a wide variety of
products from which to choose,
whether they are completely new and
different or just enhancements of cur-
rently available software. Some of the
products generated for the Apple are
the result of this process, and this
year’s Faire included some of these
items. There were several printer att-
achments which created storage
buffers for different Apple compatible
printers, like the Epson line. Several of
these buffers have the capacity to
store up to 32K of information, and

New Products and Prices

This fierce competition in the
computer industry will benefit the
consumer for many reasons, the most
important one being the lowering of
prices for many types of computer
products. Apple users became very
aware of this as they made their way
through the throngs and were con-
fronted with items like Xebec’s 5-
megabyte hard disk system for less
than $1500. {Xebec showed poor
taste in their slogan, though; imag-
ine "Join the Hardcore...Forget the
Applecore...." Forget, heck!! ^PCW).
Also mentioned was a twenty-five meg
5Va” hard disk system being deve-
loped by one of the industry front-
runners, with possible release by the
end of the year. There was also a
remote operating system for the Apple
which could handle up to 1 27 remote
Apples, and which was not proprie-
tary to Corvus or any other single
manufacturer’s drives. The cost of the
initial system (two or three user

May - June 1 982 61

make it possible for the user to use
the computer while the printer is print-
ing reports or other information. One
unit, the “Doubletimer,” included an
interrupt method for the Apple. These
are very nice for people who often find
they are losing valuable time because
they have to wait for the printer to
finish before they can resume data
input. One version of this add-on even
has an isolator with two external out-
lets for attaching still more peripher-
als to your Apple.

Much of the software and hardware
wasn’t really new, but some of it was
made available to other machines,
like Versa-form for the Apple ///.
Many programs and hardware which
previously were not able to run on the
Apple /// were available at this year’s
Faire. Unfortunately, still isn’t as much
as the Apple /// user could hope for.

One interesting sidelight was the
combination of a ///, an ink-jet color
printer, and noted artist Saul Bern-
stein. Mr. Bernstein is working on an
internal project for Apple Computer,
and was doing portraits with a gra-
phics tablet and light pen, much to
the enjoyment of the crowd. (More on
Mr. Bernstein is scheduled for our
July-August issue.)

Games

An area of intrerest to many Apple
users is in game software, which was
present in great profusion at this
year’s convention. Games have been
an area of frustration for many adults.
Many claim that they attended this
year’s Faire to see the latest develop-
ments in useful programs, and are
annoyed by the game vendors who
jam every aisle with groups of child-
ren gathering around machines to
watch their friends blast alien invad-
ers, perform daring escapes and res-
cues, and die a thousand deaths.

Games abounded; and
the kids were the
experts.

it was almost impossible to get
close to machines where games were
being played; but it seemed to me that
many of the adults’ real annoyance
came from the fact that they wanted
to play the games, and knew that
most of the kids could beat the pants
off of them, so they were too embar-
rassed to play.

The large number of games has
created a real problem for manufac-
turers because they must be highly
innovative in order to stay ahead of
their market. The short lives of many
game programs make it very difficult
for these companies to maintain in-
terest in some of their products.
Because of this, the consumer has to
be very careful in selecting games.
Slick packages often hide poor prod-
ucts in this area. This marketing tech-
nique is probably one of the hardest
to penetrate, and special care should
be exercised in buying game soft-
ware. Many game programs for the
Apple have similar names and very
fancy jackets and trying to find the
best of the lot is often difficult.

Other Games

The Seventh Faire could be called
the Year of the Copycat. Many com-
panies were displaying products that
were very similar to products already
on the market. The Franklin compu-
ter purported to be compatible with
most of the products available for the
Apple, but did not come with any
standard color capability. Color does
not seem to be an insurmountable
problem; it just takes the time and

62 Apple Orchard

Apple to IBM Electronic 50, 60,
75 Typewriters Interface ■
Reads IBM keyboard in parallel
with Apple keyboard ■ Sup-
ports the IBM code functions
using an escape sequence ■
Types at about 13 characters per
second ■ Prints from Integer
or Applesoft programs ■ Sup-
ports the “Control I Number N“
parallel line length mode se-
quence ■ Has switch selec-
table upper/lower case I/O 60,
66, 78 continuous from feed
page lengths, 40+video, 80, 95,
132 character line lengths

Suggested price $225.00

Shift and lock for upper and^
lowercase ■ Source switches
between 40x24 and 80x24 soft-rj
ware and hardware ■ Rated
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VISION 40

Softscreen programmable char-
acter/generator card for the
Apple II computer ■ Allows
use of DOS tool kit upper/lower
case character sets in Apple 40
column mode ■ Permits crea-
tion of new alpha/numeric and
graphic characters under Am-
inatrlx ■ Ideal for non-English
language applications ■
Compatible with most popular
word processing software pack-
ages

Suggested price $195.00

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software ■ No cuts — no
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Documentation provided — in-
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Uses all standard Apple DOS
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except for I NIT which has been
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location and control ■ Com-
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TIMECARD III©

Multi-function time utility for the
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Contains the yearof the century,
the month, the date, the day of
week, the hour, the minute, the
second. ■ A countdown timer
with a range of one millisecond
to 999 hours, 59 minutes, 59
seconds, 999 milliseconds ■
Selectable 12 or 24 hour time
formats ■ Diagnostic error
reporting ■ Fully compatible
with the APPLE SOS operating
system

Suggested price $195.00

VISION 80

■ Full upper and lower case
character with 3 dot descenders

■ 9x10 dot matrix per line U.S.
(9x11 Europe) ■ 128 ASCII

■ BASIC, FOR-

character set
TRAN and Pascal languages
supported ■ Z80"“ and CP/M"**
comtible ■ Compatible with
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effort to develop it. But the Franklin
comes with standard 80-column up-
per and lower case letters. There was
also a machine, very similar to the
Apple, which was designed for the
European market and had a Euro-
pean keyboard and fonts.

Several companies went after other
established machines. The Osborne 1,
last year’s portable newcomer, was
upstaged this year by the Otrona and
the Keycomp 11, new entries trying to
grab a segment of the rapidly growing
“sewing machine look alike” market.

In addition to machine copies, there
were also many add-on boards and
peripherals which give one machine
the characteristics of another. For the
Apple, this meant the introduction of
boards similar to those which run the
IBM Personal Computer. Several
boards of this type are available, and
they give the Apple II access to pro-
grams written for the IBM. That’s an
indication of why the Apple is still a
very popular machine. It’s possible to
create so many peripherals which
give the dedicated Apple user the abil-
ity to derive benefit from items deve-
loped for other machines. 8088, 6809,

68000 (!) and other similar boards are
evidence that the development of
other system hardware will continue
for Apple users.

Professionalism is
coming to the micro
industry ... at last

And From Here...

Many of the larger companies are
engaged in closed door meetings to
begin development of products de-
signed to capture a large market
share of the new market created by
these machines. One area where a
large concentration of effort is taking
place is in the choice of operating
systems for these new products. We
will probably begin to experience a
struggle between different oprating
system development companies and
will probably begin to see variations
on (JNIX, OASIS, and other in-house
operating systems.

Many people at the Faire expected
to see a new 16-bit machine an-

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nounced by Apple. Even though this
did not take place, there was a good
deal of speculation. The machine is
ready. It’s not ready. It’s ready, and
they’re developing an operating sys-
tem. The operating system is finished.
It’s a hybrid of Apple ///’s SOS. No, it
isn’t. Besides, that’s a new operating
system for the II also. Naahh. We
won’t know for sure until the informa-
tion is released, but it’s hard to believe
that Apple Computer, Inc. will not
make every attempt to retain their
position in the market place, and it’s
becoming obvious that the 16-bit
machine is the next step in micro evo-
lution.

The final word on the 7th Annual
Computer Faire is that the micro
computer industry is finally started to
grow into the professional stage. Al-
though the bulk of the merchandise
was not new, it was presented in a
much more accomplished way than
ever before. Care was exercised in
approaching the different consumer
groups attending this year’s show,
and the percentage of new users was
very high.

It is becoming more apparent that
the constant barrage of commercials
aimed at the less sophisticated user is
finally taking hold. We now know that
the graphics displayed on television
look very inviting to someone who
has never experienced those gener-
ated by a mini or mainframe, and this
year’s show was well-stocked with
persons there who had shelled out
$15 per head to “just find about the
things they had seen on TV.” Care will
be taken by hardware and software
houses to bring slowly the non-
computer buff into active participa-
tion in the growing environment. More
money is, and will continue to be,
spent on cultivating the new user.

As for those in the industry, we
must now wait to see what the next
twelve months will bring. We should
begin to see the avalanche of 1 6-bit
machines and hardware in the next
year. We may have to wait for Faire ^ 9
until we have any amount of software
for these machines, but in the mean-
time we will be able to enjoy what is
already here and the multitude of
variations which will undoubtedly de-
velop over the next year for the cur-
rent crop of machines.

64 Apple Orchard

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APPLE/// INVOKABLE MODULES

by Alan Anderson

In the last issue we talked about how SOS calls are put
into Assembly language programs, and how to link those
Assembly language programs to Pascal programs. This
issue, by popular demand, we’ll reveal how to go about
writing invokable modules to enhance the power of Busi-
ness BASIC. The things mentioned at the end of last issue
will appear next time (unless, of course, popular demand
again dictates otherwise).

But First, a Word from our Sponsor . . .

Great news for all us Apple / // programming hackers.
The new edition of the Standard Device Drivers Manual is
out, and it’s superb. It includes in-depth (and I mean in-
depth) discussions of what each of the standard device
drivers can do. The list of standard drivers includes .CON-
SOLE, .GRAFIX, .PRINTER, .RS232, and .AUDIO. The
power in these drivers, particularly .CONSOLE and
.GRAFIX, is incredible. The information included in this
manual is extremely complete. We’ll talk about some of the
secrets it reveals later in this article.

The PERFORMing Arts

The ink was hardly dry on the preliminary Business
BASIC Reference Manual (yep, they’ve upgraded that one,
too) before the good old Apple II crew noticed that horrible
oversight in the new BASIC: they left some things out,
specifically PEEK POKE, and CALL. To Apple II pro-
grammers, this seemed like something very close to
betrayal. The PEEK, POKE, and CALL statements meant
unlimited expandability for Applesoft and Integer BASIC.
Anything that couldn’t be done in the high-level language
could be written in Assembly language and linked to the
main program with these statements. Their absence from
Business BASIC seemed to mean that the language was
forever locked up.

Of course, that was not the case. Upon closer examina-
tion, the new BASIC had a couple of unfamiliar new state-
ments: INVOKE and PERFORM, and the manual said
something about them allowing the use of Assembly lan-
guage with your BASIC programs. Hurray! But why were
good old PEEK, POKE, and CALL replaced? Are INVOKE
and PERFORM as powerful? How do we write assembly
language programs which can be invoked, known as invok-
able modules?

The reason why the old Applesoft statements were
replaced should be fairly obvious to anyone who read last
issue’s article or who is familiar with the memory organiza-
tion of the Apple ///. As stated last time, the operating
system (SOS) handles the odious task of loading things into
memory and remembering where they are, thus freeing the
programmer from such time-consuming housekeeping

chores. This makes the Apple ///’s huge memory space
(128K RAM standard, expandable to 256K) into a virtual
memory workspace. Whenever memory is needed for a
buffer, a program, some data, or anything else, SOS auto-
matically finds memory and allocates it. A consequence of
this system, as talked about last issue, is that the pro-
grammer does not know where in memory items will be
from one application to the next, so other methods of
finding things must be used.

Last time we talked about the SOS call mechanism,
which allows the programmer to call the operating system’s
routines without knowing where they reside. INVOKE and
PERFORM provide a similar capability to the Business
BASIC programmer. INVOKE loads one or more Assembly
language routines from disk, while PERFORM executes the
routines. Notice that the BASIC programmer never needs to
worry about where the invokable module is when loaded
into memory! This is why we don’t have to worry about
PEEK, POKE, and CALL. Everything that those three old
friends did for us on the Apple II can be accomplished on
the / // with INVOKE and PERFORM, and without the pain
and hassle of wondering whether we’re poking the right
place, or if our recently BLOADed assembly language pro-
gram has accidentally been loaded on top of DOS.

The INVOKE statement replaced BLOAD and some
POKES. It automatically finds a place in memory for the
desired routines, loads them and relocates them. The PER-
FORM statement replaces CALL, and implicitly replaces
PEEK and POKE as well. It not only finds and executes the
desired routine (as CALL does in the Apple II BASlCs) but it
also allows the programmer to pass parameters to the
routine (replacing one use of POKE) and receive parame-
ters from the routine (replacing a common use of PEEK).
Also, since the programmer doesn’t know where his routine
has been loaded, the routine is called by name instead of by
address.

The theory behind the creation of INVOKE and PER-
FORM is unique for a personal computer BASIC, but is by
no means new. In fact, Apple borrowed it directly from
another system: Apple II Pascal. Those of you familiar with
that operating system, which was derived from the (JCSD
Pascal Operating System, know that in Apple Pascal, know
that Assembly language routines can be linked to Pascal
programs, that the Assembly language is loaded and relo-
cated by the operating system automatically, and that the
Assembly routines are called by name since their addresses
are not known. Parameters can be passed between the
Pascal program and the Assembly language routine, and
the whole business uses a much nicer and cleaner interface
than PEEKing, POKEing, and CALLing— ask any Pascal
programmer.

66 Apple Orchard

If you read last issue’s installment, you may remember
that that article involved interfacing an Assembly language
routine to an Apple /// Pascal program. The procedure and
techniques we used were exactly the same as those used in
Apple II Pascal. Those of you out there who are familiar with
how Apple Pascal links up with Assembly language will see
that the way invokable modules are created and used
directly parallels the Apple Pascal technique. Therefore, I
would highly recommend the Apple II Pascal Operating
System Reference Manual chapter on The Assembler for
some background material on writing Business BASIC
ivokable modules.

Getting Down to Details

Alright already, enough discussion and reference. How di
I do it? Glad I asked. Well, here goes.

Assembly language routines which can be used from
Business BASIC are written with the Apple /// Pascal sys-
tem. In general, the code is created in the Editor, assembled
with (surprise!) the Assembler, saved to disk, then used
from the Basic program.

Here’s a nice bonus effect of having both Pascal and
BASIC served by the same operating system and disk for-
mat: the same Assembly language routine can often be
used by both BASIC and Pascal with little or no modifica-
tion. As a demonstration of that claim, our first BASIC

invokable module will use exactly the same Assembly lan-
guage file as was used last time with Pascal, which prepares
the system for a cold start. If you didn’t enter the file last
time, have since erased it, or (shame on you!) don’t have the
previous issue. I’ll repeat it here, with instructions. (Back
issues of the March-April 1 982 issue of Apple Orchard are
available.)

First, enter the Pascal Editor, and type in this file: (some of
the comments have been omitted this time)

.PROC RESTART
COLD_START .EQU 65
$65

BRK

;COLD_START’s
number is
;To signal a SOS
call

.BYTE COLD_START ;Tells which call
.WORD PARAM_TABLE ;Points to the

parameters

PARAM_TABLE.BYTE 00 ;COLD_START

params has no

.END

;see Mar-Apr Apple
Orchard for details

Then, leave the Editor and save the file by typing
“QW.D2/RESTART’, substituting a different disk drive
name for .D2 if you wish. Then press “A” to assemble the
file. Answer “.D2/RESTART” to the “Assemble what text?”
question, using something other than .D2 if you didn’t save
to Drive 2 from the Editor. When asked “To what code file?”,
answer by typing a dollar sign. This will cause the output file
to be called RESTART.CODE on the same disk as the
source file. Press [RETCJRN| when asked for an output file
name.

Once the assembly has been finished, you should have a
real, live, bona fide invokable module!. To prove it, boot your
Business BASOC 1.1 diskette, then put the diskette with
RESTART.CODE on it in the built-in disk drive. Type
“INVOKE .Dl /RESTART.CODE” to load the module from
disk. Then type “PERFORM RESTART” and watch the fun.
Your screen should say “INSERT SYSTEM DISKETTE
AND REBOOT’ in 40-column text mode. You’ve just writ-
ten and executed an invokable module! That wansn’t so
bad, was it?

Now that you’ve got the basics of writing invokable
modules, you should be able to handle the whole story,
which appears in (ta-daa!) Apple’s new technical note,
Apple III Business BASIC and its Assembly Language
Interface. This note should be available from the lAC soon,
or write to the author (that’s me) in care of Apple Orchard
for more information on writing invokables or unlocking
any of the other Apple /// mysteries.

For further information: be sure and read (and reread)
your Standard Device Drivers Manual. It’s got great gobs of
goodies in there, and it will likely answer some of your
favorite technical questions about the Apple ///. Also, the
Apple III Pascal manuals are worht a perusal or two.

And now, folks, it time to practice your invocations!

May ■ June 1 982 67

125

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16K Language Card
With ROM SOCKET
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• LOW NOISE DUE TO DRAWING EFFECT OF AIR THROUGH YOUR
COMPUTER AND SPECIAL FAN AND MOTOR DESIGN

• “QUIETEST FAN ON THE MARKET”

• EXTRA 120V OUTLET FOR MONITOR OR ACCESSORIES TURNS ON WHEN
YOU TURN ON YOUR FAN (NOT AVAILABLE ON 240V MODEL)

• SOLD WORLD WIDE • UNIQUE 1 YEAR WARRANTY

COPYRIGHT © 1981 - PATENTS PENDING
HOW TO HOOK IT UP: 1) Clip it on your APPLE. 2) Unplug your 120V cable (you won’t
need it) . 3) Plug short 120V cable from Super Fan II to the back of your computer. 4) Plug the
supply cable from Super Fan II to your 120V power source. 5) Turn on the rocker switch and
a built-in, red, ready light comes on. 6) You are all set to “COOL IT.’ This switch also turns

yourcomputer off and on Deoler Hqulres Invited

’Plus 6% California Sales Tax and $2.50 shipping charge per item.

ZOOM HiRes Graphics Printing Utiiity

for APPLE PASCAL

AND

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70/80/80FT/82/82FT/100; IDS 440/445/460/560/Prism 80/Prism 132; C.ltoh 8510

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Features —

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two page panoramas with page 1 above or beside page 2.
Print at any feasible scale factor!

• Print full or any partial screen!

• Append our procedures to your program or use our very
friendly interactive control programs which feature picture
loading from disk, HiRes preview, ZOOM window setting,
and print format selection.

• HiRes preview and save to disk.

TBlMOIi^ALL

HAM RADIO INTERFACE

TERMINALL now available for APPLE II !
TERMINALL T2 is a hardware and software
system which converts your Apple II computer into
a state of the art communications terminal. Simply
insert the interface card into any available card slot
(1-7) in your APPLE, then plug the attached cables
into your radio.

Simplicity. TERMINALL was designed from the
outset to be easy to connect to your radio and easy
to use. Plug into your receiver headphone jack and
copy Morse Code or radioteletype (RTTY). Plug in-
to your CW key jack and send Morse Code. Attach
a microphone connector and send Baudot or ASCII
RTTY using audio tones (AFSK). That's all there is
to hooking it up.

Complete software on DOS 3.2 diskette (Muffin to
3.3), assembled and tested hardware, and exten-
sive instruction manual. Requires an APPLE II or
APPLE II Plus, 48K and disk.

The software is loaded into your computer from
disk. Enter your callsign and the time and you will
start receiving immediately. No settings or ad-
justments are necessary to receive Morse Code, it's
fully automatic - and it works! You may type your
message while receiving or transmitting. You will
be on the air, receiving and transmitting in any
mode, in minutes. As we said, TERMINALL is sim-
ple.

■ Built in, separsit^ia, multi-stage active filter
RTTY and CW demodulators. No phase lock
loops. RTTY demodulator has 170 and either 425 or
850 Hz shift - keyboard selectable - and uses either
the panel meter or scope outputs for easy tuning.
Copy the weak ones. Copy the noisy ones. Copy
(he fading ones.

■ Built in crystal controlled AFSK. Rock stable
for even the most demanding VHP or HP applica-
tions. A must on many VHP RTTY repeaters.

■ Built in 110 or 220 volt AC power supply.

■ Built in parallel printer driver software.
Simply attach a parallel ASCII printer (e.g. the EP-
SON MX-80) to your printer port to obtain hard-
copy in all modes.

■ Multi level displays - allows examining and
editing of historical text. Word wrapping, word
mode editing, diddle, ignore carriage returns, user
programmable end of line sequence, adjustable
carriage width, multi user - defined WRU, transmit
delay (fixed, none or auto adaptive), break mode
and more!

■ The all-in-one TERMINALL design makes it
great for use on HP or VHP Ham, Commercial,
SWL or MARS! SWL's: TERMINALL may be
jumpered for either 425 or 850 Hz reception to copy
news and weather services.

■ TERMINALL has the RTTY terminal unit
-demod and AFSK - built in. This results in a lower
total cost.

■ Fantastic Morse reception. Six stage active
filter demodulator copies the weak ones. Auto
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Received code speed displayed on status line.

■ Outstanding documentation. Professionally
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The card

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If you own or are about to buy an Apple II computer, you
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The 88 CARD converts your Apple II into a 16 bit Personal
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Address: .

Phone: ( )

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Dealer Inquires Welcome.

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408 947-4616

of COPROCESSORS INC.

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for Apple-users worldwide

Subscriptions.

. ' Canada $28.50 «

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Dept. 333

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Dealers inquiries invited

magazine

shows you

r Back up any diskette
Do & undo copy protection
Encrypt confidential data files.
■ Customize

w programs... \

PLUS... \

game, utility, business &
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Appledigest
software reviews
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Apple is a trademark
^of Apple Computers. Inc.

The master
printer interface
at a very low cost

For the first time ever a truly affordable Apple interface offers all
the most sophisticated text and graphics capabilities on Epson®,
Okidata®, Centronics®, and IDS® printers. With the easy to use
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• Broadest range of text printing using your software • HiRes
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It will perform with all popular languages such as BASIC and
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And it’s the first and only Apple interface to offer all this plus
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Apple Computer is a registered trade name of Apple Computer Inc.
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tered trade name of Centronics Data Computer Corporation.

IDS is a registered trade name of Integral Data Systems. Inc.

Together, Locksmith'; The Inspector'*^
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W M l l/M’lj f ^ Our new 4.1 version
B f W synrilT>^ is by far the most
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I f you’re at all serious about programming or
about business use of your Apple, you must

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Apple is a registered trademark of Apple Computer, Inc.

The one I 6 -K memory
^ (iMk Ma, no straps!) expansloo Card for
your Apple that requires no unnecessary surgery.
This board just plugs in with no strap or additions
connections. In spite of its quafity, the Ramex-l6^“
costs just $139-91 complete with a one year
hmited warranty.

45-sector disk-drive emulator. At your local
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A complete turnkey
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m MACHIh

by Bob Nacon

MACHINE LANGUAGE SPEED

WHERE IT COUNTS... IN YOUR PROGRAM.

For the first time, Amper-Magic makes it easy for people who don’t
know machine language to use its power. Now you can attach slick,
finished machine language routines directly to your Applesoft programs in
seconds! And interface them by name , not address! And pass parameters
directly, just like with Applesoft commands!

You simply give each routine a name of your choice, perform the
append procedure once at about 15 seconds per routine, and the machine
language becomes a permanent part of your BASIC program; no more separate
BLOADing programs! (Of course, you can remove any subroutine if you want
to.)

Up to 255 relocatable machine language routines can be attached to
an Applesoft program and then called by name. We supply over 20 machine
language routines on the disk. You can enter more from magazines. And
more library disks are in the works. Some routines on this disk are:

Binary file info
Delete array
Disassemble memory
Dump variables
Find substring
Get 2-byte values
Gosub to variable

Goto to variable
Hex memory dump
Input anything
Move memory
Multiple poke decimal
Multiple poke hex

Print w/o word break
Restore special data
Speed up Applesoft
Speed restore
Store 2-byte values
Swap variables

These routines and more can be attached and accessed easily. For
example, to allow typing of commas and colons in a response (not normally
allowed in Applesoft), you simply attach the Input Anything routine and
put this line in your program:

XXX PRINT "PLEASE ENTER THE DATE. & INPUT, DATE$

&-MAGIC makes it Easy to be Fast & Flexible!

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Applesoft is a trademark of Apple Computer, Inc.

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WILL THE REAL APPLE PASCAL PLEASE STAND UP?

by Dr. Wo

Once (Jpon a Tinrie, there was only one Apple computer
and only one implementation of Pascal for it. Indeed, many
of you would probably agree with me that there was only
one personal computer and one programming language in
the world! (Note: Dr. Wo programs in Pascal. Which is a bit
like saying that Carl Sagan watches stars. -PCW)

Now, however, there are some new kids on the block.
There is probably at least one other personal computer
you’d love to have. But more important for Pascal pro-
grammers, there are at least four different versions of Pascal
running on two Apple computers: Apple Pascal 1 .1 on the
Apple 11; Apple /// Pascal; Softech Microsystems’ GCSD
Pascal Version IV. 1, running on the Apple 11 and a passel of
other computers, including the new kids, and Pascal MT , a
CP/M based system covered in the March-April 1 982 Apple
Orchard.

Will the Real YOG Please Stand Up?

Now, what has this to do with you? Well, with personal
computers looking more and more like appliances, in the
sense that your Old Faithful Apple 11 may not be the only
computer you’ll ever own, the question is, how portable is
your software? That’s a valid question whether your soft-
ware is purchased or home-grown.

Of course, your need for portability should be determined
by your objectives. What are you trying to develop for your-
self? Are you writing programs for personal use, with little
expectation of acquiring another machine on which they
might run? Are you developing software tools and/or appli-
cations software for your own use or for sale on the open
market? Do you want those tools and applications to work
on as many machines as possible, or are they Apple-
specific? Are you investing a lot of your time on programs
that you might like to run on another computer someday?
And just how soon is “someday?”

Let’s Review

We’ll review three of these Pascals here and now, from
two programming points of view. On the one hand, we’ll
look at them for developing tools for personal use, and on
the other we’ll look at them for developing applications
programs and general purpose tools, hoping to run them
on a number of machines.

Most of the review is a comparison of Apple 11 Pascal and
Softech’s Version IV. The biggest differences, and the big-
gest choices, are between these two. We note that there are

differences between Apple 11 and Apple /// Pascals, and
we’ll note some of these as we go along.

Apple II Pascal, Version 1.1

This is the Apple Pascal 99 per cent of us know and love
so well. Omitting some history, some additions, and some
revisions, it is essentially the Pascal operating system deve-
loped by Prof. Ken Bowles at the University of California
-San Diego (CJCSD), to which Softech’s Version IV also
corresponds. Apple Pascal is a delight to use, and has
several features which aid software development and main-
tenance. Whatever 1 have learned about good (and bad!)
programming, top-down design, modular program devel-
opment, you name it, 1 have learned on my Apple using this
system.

There are additions to the GCSD standard Pascal system
in the Apple implementation, the most outstanding of
which is the inclusion of CJNlTs to aid in development of
software libraries. They are the way to group proven, logi-
cally related data structures and procedures into a package,
which can then be used in program after program. Even if
you don’t plan to use a set of routines in more than one
program, units are still powerfully useful. They are an aid to
modular development, and can save you a lot of compila-
tion time as you iteratively debug, improve, and refine a
main program. Regrettably, it took me a while to realize their
value.

Four other features of the Apple operating system which I
have found useful are the EXEC files, chaining, BIOS at-
tachment utilities, and compiler options to control the
residency of units and program segments. With EXEC files
we can drive the operating system and our programs from a
script. And with the Attach utilities (available from the Inter-
national Apple Core on a disk with booklet for $7.00) we can
integrate all manner of peripherals into the operating sys-
tem in a logical and consistent way.

If you have some foreign (read “non-Apple”) peripherals
such as a Micromodem or auxilliary RAM card and have not
investigated integrating them into your system using these
attach BIOS programs, you’re really missing a lot of fun
—and probably using a lot of kludges to drive the peri-
pheral. The attach programs are nice because they allow
you to define an Assembly language driver for a peripheral
and then access it from Pascal through the operating sys-
tem’s I-O intrinsics. You can even pass parameters to the
driver through the intrinsic “GNITSTATCJS,” meaning you
can exercise complete control over your peripheral from

May -June 1982 75

Pascal. ( The Attach BIOS material was described and
augmented in the Fall 1981 Apple Orchard.^

Well and good: now what’s missing from the Apple 11
Pascal? Currently, a program is limited to 1 6 segments or
units, and the System Library can contain only 16 seg-
ments. That’s an effective run-time total of 32 units or
segments. These limits are at least inconvenient, and oft-
times more than that (!). The distinction between regular
units, which count against a program’s segment limit and
must be explicitly linked to their host; and intrinsic units,
which must be in a system library but do not have to be
linked, seems arbitrary and annoying. As 1 develop more
and more generally useful units, and use these units to
break up my programs into logical pieces, 1 keep running up
against these limits. That means a lot of library manage-
ment, using this library or boot disk for one program, and
that one for another, etc. I’d rather be designing and coding!

It would be very nice indeed to eliminate regular units,
making all units intrinsic, and eliminating the need for link-
ing. It would also be nice to raise the limits on both the size of
the System Library and the size of programs; or to introduce
a program library facility by which a program could have its
own library of intrinsic-type units.

Although the EXEC feature is useful, full 1-0 redirection
capabilities would be nicer and even more useful. What do 1
mean?

Consider the following situation, which leads to a ques-
tion 1 am often asked (so there must be others who would
like this feature too). You have written a program which
outputs to the screen. Next, you would like to run the
program and have its output directed to a printer or a disk
file. In effect, you would like to pass an output file name
parameter to your program when you X(ecute the program.
Can you do it? No...and yes. That is, you can’t pass a file
name that way, but, as I’ll show in a future article, you can
redirect output using a trick or two to achieve a similar
result. The point here is that the feature is definitely not
present at the operating system level.

Finally, there are certain software tools and programming
aids that only Apple the Company can provide and which 1
feel they should provide, even if at a (moderate) cost. I’ve no
doubt they must have and use these tools for their own
development work; after all, we have been told that Pascal is
Apple’s chosen in-house development language. The tools
are such that only Apple can assure they will remain useful
as the operating system (and the Apple II) evolves.

One such tool is the screen control unit, a unit to provide
terminal independent screen operations including CLEAR
SCREEN, ERASE LINE, text windowing, etc. If nothing else,
such a unit would ease the problem of transporting Pascal
software from Apple II to Apple ///, to IV, or whatever.

Another is a unit with routines to access and modify the
system date (tied to a clock if present), the default volume
name (the Prefix volume), and disk directories including file
dates, wild card searches, etc. For one thing, this would
grant every program that needs it the ability to list directo-
ries.

Another tool which could be provided is a unit to convert
strings to integers or reals, and back again. The built-in
facilities for doing this are a bit flaky, and in many cases not
very friendly. (See Paul Sand’s article elsewhere in this
issue. ) The only fail-safe way to enter numeric data now is to
allow the user to enter string data, and then convert the
string to the desired type. Apple the Company could help by
supplying this stuff and seeing to it that the routines take
advantage of how real data is represented on the host
machine, including the number of bytes used to represent
reals.

Apple /// Pascal

There are some significant differences between the
Apple II and Apple /// Pascal systems, because Apple ///
Pascal is an improvement and a strict superset of Apple II
Pascal. With only a few minor modifications, like changing
control character values to make MISCINFO compatible
with SOS, Apple II Pascal will run on the Apple ///. Moving a
program from the ///to the II, however, doesn’t come as
easily.

One difference is that SOS-Apple /// Pascal can maintain
hierarchical directories. The Apple II cannot, of course, and
any programs which rely on this feature will not be portable.

A major strength of the Pascal language is the ability and
requirement to classify variables by types. All variables must
be declared to be of a type, and that identification specifies
its permissible values and the operations that can be per-
formed with it. Unfortunately, this strength turns out to be a
hindrance when trying to develop libraries of general
procedures to operate on arrays. Apple /// Pascal has
provided a partial solution to this dilemma with the inclusion
of two new datatypes, “bytestream” and “wordstream,”
which can be used to type variable parameters in proce-
dures.

To illustrate, consider the following Apple /// example:

PROGRAM example;

VAR

a : ARRAY[1..100] OF INTEGER;

b : ARRAY[25..74] OF INTEGER;

FUNCTION sum (VAR data : wordstream;
n : integer) : INTEGER;

VAR

x, i : INTEGER;

BEGIN
x : 0

FOR i : 0 to n DO x : x data[i];

sum : x;

END;

BEGIN

WRITELN (sum (a, 100));

WRITELN (sum (b, 50));

END.

76 Apple Orchard

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capacity boards that you can buy for the Apple li, For example -Up to 145K
VISICALC models can be created using the VC PLUS progrom. Disk Emulation,
Memory Master, and many application programs use these RAM boards,

2. Legend Industries is dedicated to providing more programs that use the
64KC AND 128KDE RAM boards. When you write a program that is used as a
part of the product or is offered as a commercial product from Legend Indus-
tries they will refund in full the purchase price of the board. This policy also
applies to providing patches to commercial software so that they can use the
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In this example, one function serves to sum the elements
in arrays of different types. This is not possible in Apple II
Pascal, so any programs on the Apple /// would have to be
modified for use on the II.

A third difference between the Pascals is the larger
number of effective segments allowed in the Apple ///
program. Each such program is permitted 1 6 segments or
regular units, 16 units from the System Library, and 16
intrinsic units from a program library for a total of 48 seg-
ments or units! If you get accustomed to this feature, you
will have trouble moving your programs to an Apple II.

One way to solve potential portability problems is to
program to the lowest common denominator; to not use
the “new” features of the more powerful machines. Another
way is to abandon the Apple II entirely; after all, you probably
sold it to get the money to buy the ///, right? Better, in my
opinion, would be to implement these features for the II.
(Cmon, guys, you can do it!) And while we’re at it, why not
kick in a type “realstream,” or better yet, conformant arrays,
the generalization of these “streams.”

Some of my friends rather strongly disagree with me
here. They like what they have on the II, and aren’t interested
in seeing it changed. You may agree with them. In fact, you
may not care at all. Again, it depends on you and your goals.

GCSD Pascal, Version IV

Where do I begin? Get this:

In General:

* Compiler option selectable native code generation;

* Double precision real arithmetic;

* An enhanced System Editor including “tabstop,” “ex-
change delete,” and “exchange insert” commands;

* Complete freedom to redirect program and system I-O
from the X(ecute command line and from within programs;

* Gp to 256 units or segments per program, all units intrin-
sic, no linking;

* A program’s units can reside in any library;

* Every library has room for 256 units;

* File variables allowed in the interface section of units,
segment procedures allowed in the implementation section
(not possible in the Apple Pascals);

* Units can use other units in their implementation section
as well as in their interface;

* Turtlegraphics. Not source code compatible with Apple’s.

* Chaining;

* A “screenops” unit to control the screen, including access
to the system date;

78 Apple Orchard

TASC The Applesof f Compiler.
It turns your Apple into
a power tool.

Step up to speed. TASC, the Applesoft Compiler,
converts a standard Applesoft BASIC program
into super-fast machine code. By
increasing program execution speed
up to 20 times, Microsoft gives
you a power tool for Applesoft
BASIC programming.

Highest capacity available.

TASC will compile and run
larger programs than any
other Applesoft Compiler. As a
disk-based system, it doesn't
require the simultaneous pres-
ence of compiler and program
in memory. The memory you save
allows you to compile significantly
bigger programs.

Power without bulk. Code expansion of up to 100%
severely restricts other compilers. TASC's special
code compression schemes typically limit code
expansion to only 25%. You'll really appreciate that
with complex programs or programs that utilize
Apple's hi-res graphic pages.

More BASIC power. TASC's powerful new
commands increase Applesoft BASIC programming
capability. Chain with COMMON allows compiled
programs to share variables, so a main menu

*Applesoft is a trademark of Apple Computer, Inc.

supports several programs in a
single runtime environment.
TASC's True Integer Arithmetic
and Integer FOR . . . NEXT
capabilities maximize the execu-
tion speed of compiled programs.
TASC's near total compatibility

with Applesoft speeds compil-
ation of existing programs
with little or no modification.
What about mistakes? You
perfect your programs inter-
actively with Applesoft. If some-
thing does slip by, TASC recovers
from errors discovered in compilation
and traps all runtime errors. It even permits
graceful interruptions during compilation.

See for yourself. Ask for a demonstration of
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* An interactive, symbolic debugger;

* Full support of duplicate directories, including “markdup-
dir,” “copydupdir,” and “recover” programs (See Dr. Wo's
column in the Winter 1981 Apple Orchard. -PCW)

* Various other utilities including a P-code disassembler and
the famed “patch” program, a byte-level editor;

* BIOS attachment utilities;

* Primitives for concurrent processing and interrupt
handling;

* A variety of new memory management procedures which
should facilitate development of routines for processing
arrays;

* Memory management procedures for controlling the
residency of segments and units under program, as
opposed to compiler, control;

* Extended system memory management so that applica-
tion programs can make use of the larger memories in the
coming computers;

And...

* Complete portability of software between the Apple 11, Z-80
machines, the IBM-PC, 68000-based machines, 6809 ma-
chines, T1 9900 machines, LSl-1 1/PDP-l 1, ...and others.

Specific to the Apple II

* Drivers included for a variety of peripherals, including all of
the standard Apple ones and Micro-Sci floppies, SVA 8-inch
floppy disk controller, lower case adapters, CCS serial card,
SSM AlO serial card and Sup’RTerm, Smartterm,Videx, and
Double Vision boards;

* A completely relinkable BIOS which allows you to take
advantage of the above-mentioned drivers;

* A configuration utility which allows you to set such
parameters as whether you have installed a jumper to ena-
ble true shift key operation from the Apple 11 keyboard.

Going Down

I like this system. 1 like it a whole lot. But it’s not the best
system if all you’ll work with is the Apple 11; it works better on
other computers. What’s the down side?

The Version IV system is noticeably slower on the Apple II
than is Apple Pascal. This is because the system architec-
ture is quite different and because the system is heavily
swapped, leading to more disk I-O than with Apple Pascal.

This system will be very hard to use with only (!) two disk
drives, not only because of the swapping mentioned above,
but also because the SYSTEM.PASCAL file is much larger
than the Apple Pascal version. The score is GCSD 84 blocks
without debugger, Apple 41 blocks. So there’s less space
on the boot disk.

Consider this: the System Filer is now segmented; not all
of it resides in memory at once. You will swap disks while
using the Filer, even on a two-drive system. This can be
tricky, or inconvenient, or both.

The Version IV system as marketed by Softech sells for
$750 (not including the RAM card), which is more than
Apple Pascal. Surprised? Don’t be. Remember, Apple the
Company sells hardware, and software to sell hardware;
Softech selIs...software. We also don’t know the details of
the licensing agreements with the Regents of GC, etc. The
price difference is substantial. So are the differences
between the operating systems. Which system is for you? 1
can’t answer that question for you, but I can answer it for
myself.

Let’s suppose I was an experienced BASIC programmer,
had an Apple II with two floppy drives, and was about to
purchase Pascal for the first time. The choice is Apple
Pascal hands down; there’s plenty of room to grow into this
system and to learn some very exciting things.

Now suppose I was an advanced hobbyist; a reasonably
experienced Apple Pascal programmer looking forward to
upgrading my system by hanging on an 8086 processor
with 1 28K RAM on board, and a mini-Winchester hard disk. I
don’t know that I’d rush out and get Softech’s Pascal, or the
CP/M MT+ discussed in the March-April 1982 Apple
Orchard, but I sure would be wondering who is going to
bring up Pascal on my new processor and how, and what
version they plan on using. I’d hope for the best: both
operating systems making full use of my new computer’s
capabilities.

Or, suppose I was a cottage industrialist, developing
applications software and hoping to reach the broadest
possible customer base in the shortest time. Softech’s Pas-
cal would be worth having; sitting in front of my Apple, I
could write programs for any number of machines, availing
myself of all of the powerful features of the new operating
system. I would use Apple Pascal, or the appropriate subset
of it in Softech, when trying to reach the Apple market
specifically. Apple’s Pascal is faster, as it’s tailored for the
Apple machines.

Finally, let’s say I was trying to write software for tomor-
row’s computers today. Choice: Softech, going away. New
machines will be far better equipped for emulating the
P-machine than today’s Apple II, and will obviate the down-
side analysis given above.

Who are You?

The whole point is, that there is a tradeoff analysis which
you must make. Maybe you’re a cynic who believes that new
machines won’t be logically thought out in terms of P-
machine capability (History is on the side of the cynic, as
usual. ’PCW) Well, on one end of the spectrum is portability,
on the other is the speed and smoothness that comes from
custom-tailoring to the machine architecture. Only you can
say.

Indeed, what have you to say? what are your interests and
objectives? If you’ll let me know, I’ll try to point my pen...er,
keyboard, in your direction.

80 Apple Orchard

President’s Messa&e

Ken Silverman

President, International Apple Core

One of the questions most often
asked by Apple owners and Apple
User Groups is, “What is the Interna-
tional Apple Core and what can it do
for me?” We try to answer this ques-
tion in this space every so often, so
here goes:

The International Apple Core (lAC)
is a non-profit organization composed
of Apple computer Gser Groups
throughout the world. It was formed
to disseminate all types of informa-
tion from Clubs, Apple Computer,
Inc., and other manufacturers of re-
lated hardware and software; this
includes written information and pub-
lic domain software. Of course, we
publish the Apple Orchard, and all of
our memberships include a subscrip-
tion. Only the Full and Sponsoring
members receive the software in
addition to the written information,
usually one disk per month; Associate
members receive only the written
information.

The lACs policies are set by a
Board of Directors that at this time
has eight members from the United
States (two from each of four regions);
and a member each from Canada,
Europe, and Australia. A full list ap-
pears on Page 4 of this magazine. The
lAC, what it is, what it does, and how it
does it, is directly set up by the
member groups through this mech-
anism. You can get more detailed
information by contacting the Direc-

tor in your area. Note too that an
application blank appears in this
magazine.

Full Membership

Full membership is open to clubs
(groups), and not to individuals; we
represent the individual user through
the Clubs. The Clubs are the principal
reason for the lAC’s existence, and we
provide many services beyond infor-
mation dissemination. There is a
Newsletter Exchange co-ordinator for
swapping of publications between
clubs. The Software Librarian collects
and disseminates public domain soft-
ware. We support Special Interest
Groups, and the Clubs’ efforts at
same; examples are Education, Ham
Radio, Handicapped Persons,
Medical.

Only Full members may nominate
and vote on directorships, and vote
on other issues pertinent to the busi-
ness of the lAC. Membership is open
to all Clubs, if those Clubs have an
open membership policy. Annual
dues are $50.00 (US) per year.

Sponsors

Manufacturers and other software
companies having business related to
Apple computers need timely access

to information that the lAC distrib-
utes. Conversely, the lAC’s members
all benefit from the input provided by
sponsors; we encourage such par-
ticipation.

The Sponsoring membership is tai-
lored for commercial interests; quite
frankly, the higher dues also help the
lAC’s financial condition. Sponsoring
membership is open to all corpora-
tions and individuals who wish it. The
annual membership fee is $200 per
year.

Associate Memberships

The Associate Membership was
created to help educational, research,
and charitable institutions that have
an interest in Apple Computers.
Associate memers receive only the
printed materials sent to members,
and have no vote in business matters.
Associates are engouraged to give us
input, and to organize a Club which
would be eligible for Full membership.

Further information on Associate
membership eligibility and criteria will
be supplied upon submission of an
application. Associate Membership is
free.

Whatever the membership cate-
gory, we encourage your participation
in the lAC, and better relationships
between people and their Apples
everywhere.

INTERNATIOriAL
APPLE CORE

T M

APPLICATION FOR MEMBERSHIP

Name of Organization
Mailing Address
Street:

City: _ State: Zio:

Country:

(If the above is a post office box, please supply a street address below where parcels may be sent.)

OFFICERS OR OFFICIALS

NAME

PHONE (area code & number)

President:

Treasurer:

Editor:

Other:

(Please check above the name of the lAC contact person).
For Club^:

Terms Expire:

Number of Members:

Make check or money order payable in U.S. dollars to
"international Apple Core".

Remittance enclosed: $

(Return application and remittance to the International Apple Core, P.O. Box 976, Daly City, California 94017, USA.]
Check appropriate categories below:

FULL MEMBERSHIP is available only to Apple User's groups. A $50.00 membership fee must accompany this

form. Please indicate the time and place of your regular meetings: __ — —

ASSOCIATE MEMBERSHIP applicants must provide evidence that they are nonprofit institutions. There is no
membership fee.

SPONSORS: Please indicate the name, position, and telephone number of the person in your organization res-

ponsible for liaison with the lAC. The Sponsoring Membership fee is $200.00.

Please add 15% to your fees if your organization is overseas and you would like all material sent International Air
Mail.

International Apple Core, 910 A George St., Santa Clara, CA 95050

SUP'R'MOD II SUP'R'TERMINAL tV SUP'R'FAN SUP'R'SWITCHER

*Version 2.5

APPLE II is a trademark of APPLE Computer Co.
CP/M is a trademark of Digital Research

M & R ENTERPRISES
910 George Street
Santa Clara, CA 95050
(408) 980-0160

SUP'R'FAN

• Fits inside the APPLE II case

• Powered by 117VAC and does not depend on the
Apple Power Supply

• Brushless AC Motor for no electrical noise

• Does not interfere with all present Apple Peripherals

• Mounts with one screw — no drilling required

• Will not interfere with magnetic media such as metal
cased monitors or disks in close proximity (less than
1/2 gauss)

• Lowers IC surface temperatures

• Weighs only 18 oz.

SUP'R'TERMINAL

• 80 Columns by 24 lines, upper and lower case; all 128
ASCII characters

• Includes an Upper and Lower case 5x8 dot matrix
ASCII character set, and inverse alpha characters

• Character set can be user definable

• Shift Lock feature

• Works with APPLE PASCAL and APPLE BASIC

• Compatible with ALL APPLE II peripherals

• CP/M Output cursor*

• Pascal 1.1 Keypress and type ahead in firmware*

• 3K bytes of bank switched static ram

• 2K bytes of ROM

• The only board with continuous direct memory
mapped screened ram

• The only board that interprets VTABS by firmware
(version 2.2)

• The only board with an adjustable scrolling window

• The only 80 column board that is synchronous with
the APPLE n

• Fully programmable cursor

• Works with CORVUS and NESTAR Systems

SUP'R'SWITCHER

• 90 to 135 VAC/60Hz or 180 to 270 VAC/50Hz input

• Fully protected — voltage/current

• Overvoltage protection

• 0-50 C full load operating temperature

• Output voltage current

+5V @ 6A -12V @ lA
+12V (® lA -5V (5) lA

• Weight — 2% lbs

• Size 33/4” H 93/4” D 61/4” W

• Mounts on left side of Apple II

• Sufficient current to handle all 8 slots

• Plugs directly into the Apple II motherboard

SUP'R'MOD II

The SUP'R’MOD II is a wide band black and white or
color compatible interface system intended to convert
the home TV to a full video display for home computers,
CCTV cameras and similar systems which output
NTSC compatible composite video. The SUP'R’MOD II
is pre-tuned to U.S. channel 33 (UHF), includes a coaxial
cable and antenna transformer, and in conjunction with
a standard home TV set, insures safe isolation and high
performance.

SYMBOL

DESCRIPTION

TYPICAL

UNIT

Vision Carrier

591.5

MHz ± 0.5

Icc

Supply Current

2.0

VO (Hi)

RF Output, Vmod = 0

1.5

VO (Low)

RF Output, = 1-5

-20.0

Rin(mod)

Modulation input resistance

700.0

Ohm

VosdMin)

Oscillator stop voltage

2.0

Volt

Voltage

+5 to +12

Volts DC

SUP'R’SWITCHER ix SUP'R'FAN SUP'R'TERMINAL ik SUP'R'MOD II

Forbidden Fruit

NEW PRODOCTS FOR THE APPLE

Edited by
Mark L. Crosby

Producers of hardware arid software for
the Apple line of computers should send
news releases 3 months in advance to
NEW PRODUCTS EDITOR, Apple Or-
chard, 91 OA George St, Santa Clara, CA
95050. The lAC cannot be held respon-
sible for claims made by manufacturers.

CONTENTS:

HARDWARE

INPaT/OaTPdT

MEMORY

POWER CONDITIONING

PRINTERS/PLOTTERS

MISCELLANEOGS SOFTWARE

BUSINESS (GENERAL)

COMMUNICATIONS

EDUCATION

FINANCIAL

GAMES/SIMULATIONS

GRAPHICS

LANGUAGES (PROGRAMMING)

MUSIC

UTIUTIES

WORD PROCESSING
MUSIC

CATALOGS/BOOKS

MISCELLANEOUS

Hardware

INPaT/OUTPUT

The Corona Starfire 5 is a 5 megabyte
Winchester disk drive. It holds the equiva*
lent of 38 diskettes of data which is
available instantly, and it can alphabetize a
mailing list 5 to 1 0 times faster. Includes
DataGuard automatic data protection.
Allows your files to be twice as long, beat-
ing a crucial limitation of Apple’s disc
operating system, without abandoning
it — ^2,995. Corona Data Systems, 21541
Nordhoff Street, Gnit B, Chatsworth, CA
91311 (213) 998-0505.

Programmable Seria I/O Board is fully
compatible with current Apple software
including Pascal 1.1, Applesoft and Integer
BASIC. It provides a full EIA RS-232 DTE
interface to most modems, printers and
CRT terminals as well as an opto-isolated
current loop interface strappable for full or
half duplex, active or passive 2-wire or 4-
wire, 20mA or 60mA operation up to
200V. On board 1 K ROM software enables
user programmable printer width control,
delay after carriage return, automatic line-
feed generation, and video display. Serial
character format is user alterable with the
most popular configurations set as default
conditions. Provides a full range of con-
tinuously variable, programmable asyn-
chronous data rates to 19.2 K baud;
automatic recognition of the incoming
data rate from a remote terminal; and firm-
ware routines to pulse-dial calls onto
the international Telex-TWX network—
^199.95. Intra Computer, 12010 Audley
Street, Kew Gardens, NY 11415 (212)
947-5533.

MicrobufTer II lets you use your printer
without tying up your computer. It has
1 6K characters of memory (user expand-
able to 32K). It accepts data as fast as your
computer can send it, allowing you to use
your computer while the Microbuffer II is

in control of your printing. The Microbuffer
II, compatible with Applesoft, CP/M and
Pascal, comes with complete print format-
ting features as well as advanced graphics
dump routines for most popular graphics
printers. The Snapshot option permits
you to dump the text screen or graphics
picture to the printer while any program is
running— without interruption. The 16K
Microbuffer is available for $259, the 32K
version for $299 and the Snapshot option
for $69. At your local dealer or contact:
Practical Peripherals, Inc, 31245 La Baya
Drive, Westlake Village, CA 91362 (213)
991-8200.

Select-A-Port plugs directly into your game
socket giving you access you never had
before. Attractive case matches the color
and texture of the Apple II. May hang
conveniently on either side of the Apple or
sit fiat on non-skid rubber feet. Three
switch selectable sockets isolated by
diodes to insure against device to device
interference. One switch selectable socket
which automatically modifies the joystick
or paddles to operate as the second unit in
dual joystick games of four game paddle
games. One socket with no isolation for
those special highly sensitive devices—
$59.95 plus $2 for postage and insurance.
TG Products, PO Box 2931, Richardson,
TX 75080 (214) 424-8556.

The Station Master is a universal parallel
card with the added capability of being
able to put the Hi-Res screen on paper with
simple keyboard commands. The Station
Master may be used with any one of four
different printer types (Epson ^\X-80
w/graphics, MX-1 00, Anadex 9501 /9500,
Data South DS 1 80, Centronics 739, NEC
PC8023. There are options for dumping
Page One or Page Two, normal or ex-
panded size, picture or plot, and horizontal
positioning. Supplied with printer cable so
you just plug in and go. We also include a
diskette with practice pictures and plots as

84 Apple Orchard

well as drivers for use with VisiPlot. Com-
patible with BASIC, Pascal 1.1, CP/M and
application software. The documentation
includes helpful information for first-time
users about Hi-Res graphics and how to
use the board with programs such as
Applewriter, Apple Plot, VisiCalc, and Visi-
Plot— $175. Computer Station, 11610
Page Service Drive, St. Louis, MO 63141
(314) 432-7019.

5/10 Megabyte Hard Disk Drive for the
Apple runs DOS 3.3, SOS 1.1, Pascal, all
CP/M programs, plus DB Master, Compu-
Law, Accounting Plus, Peachtree Account-
ing, Sup>erCalc, Medical Management, Stock-
broker, Real Estate Manager, Word Star,
and Farmplan. Unique Error Correction
Coding (ECC) gives you an internal hard
disk backup system, so media errors are
corrected and become transparent to
your computer. These advantages assure
you of reliable performance for years to
come: 1 0,000 hours MTBF, no preventive
maintenance, 2 hours MTTR, expandable
through daisy chaining. Santa Clara Sys-
tems, Inc., 560 Division Street, Campbell,
CA 95008 (408) 374-6972.

From Amdek comes a new RGB color
monitor with TTL input for high resolution
graphics. Features 80 x 24 character
display capability, 560 x 260 resolution,
molded-in carrying handle, front mounted
controls, including volume control for
built-in speaker. Optional Digital Video
Multiplexor peripheral board for interface
with the Apple 11 signal. The DVM consists
of a 4-channel multiplexor. Three channels
are used to multiplex the existing Apple
text, low resolution and high resolution
graphics. The 4th channel allows the use
of an 80 character line video board such
as the Vydec VideoTerm. It is Software
programmable allowing each of the three
channels to be turned off or on. Occupies
any slot in the Apple 11. Uses Schottky logic
with low power consumption. Amdek Cor-
poration, 2420 E. Oakton Street, Suite
“E”, Arlington Heights, IL 60005 (312)
364-1180.

The Enhancer II for the Apple 11 provides
you with a true upper and lower case key-
board with fully functional shift keys. Single
keystrokes can be defined to become an
entire word or phrase. The typehead buffer
allows you to talk to your Apple 11 while it’s
busy with other things. The Enhancer is
controlled by its own built-in micropro-
cessor and on-board firmware. Provides
IK static RAM using low power CMOS
technology. Control-Reset is available as a
jumper-selected option. Key redefinitions
are down loadable from disc. Automatic
repeat gives you approximately 1 5 charac-
ters per second, while fast repeate does it
at 50 characters per second. Requires a
revision 7 or greater motherboard to
display lower case— $149. At your local
dealer or contact: Videx, 897 N.W. Grant
Ave., Corvallis, OR 97330(503) 758-0521 .

The Genius displays a full page— 57 or 66
lines of text by 80 characters across and
was developed for the office automation
industry, applying to word processing,
data processing and software develop-
ment. The 15-inch CRT reformats during
editing at a fraction of a millisecond,
rather than the slow sequential updating
on most CRTs. Display of information
from memory to screen is also instanta-
neous as well as sending information
from screen to storage. The high-resolu-
tion screen with black characters on white
provides the necessary requirements for
reducing typical CRT eyestrain and fatigue.
The new Genius is fully compatible with
WordStar (with SoftCard), and other pack-
ages including most CP/M based pro-
grams. The 34 pound display has an 87
MHz bandwidth and 6K bytes of high-
speed buffer memory to refresh the
screen. The Genius is 1 8% inches high by
12 inches wide by 16 inches deep. An
Apple interface card is standard with The
Genius, which costs about $1,795 (single
quantity price). Quantity and dealer dis-
counts are available from Micro Display
Systems, 514 Vermillion Street, Hastings,
MN 55033 (612) 437-2233.

The new and revolutionary Aristocard
68000 will endow your Apple 11 with the
lightning speed and super features of a
minicomputer, for a mere fraction of the
cost. Aristocard 68000 will help you learn
the highly efficient Assembler without the
difficulties and complexities associated
with other microprocessors. Uses a 32-bit
internal structure. The menu driven As-
sembler is designed to teach program-
ming on the 68000 quickly and efficiently.
When the 68000 is running it is possible to
execute programs on the Apple’s 6502
simultaneously, which is achieved by a
cycle stealing technique which allows the

6502 to operate at a 30% decrease in
speed. Optionally, the 68000 can be halted
resuming normal 6502 speed. Check
locally or contact: Simon, 28 Lower Ad-
discombe Road, Croydon, Surrey, CR 06
AA, England (01) 690-4646.

This new Transfer Switch lets you switch
from one RS-232 peripheral to another
without the downtime, frustration and
expense of moving RS-232 cables. Individ-
ual LEDs let you see at a glance which
lines are transmitting. A convenient push
button switches any input to either of 2
outputs. It also has a push button reversing
switch to let you change from transmit to
receive without touching a wire. It has
three standard RS-232 25 pin D connector
sockets— one input and 2 outputs. The
Model MFJ-1 240 switches ten of the stan-
dard RS-232 lines— more than is needed
by most small computer systems. Switched
lines are TD, RD, RTS, CTS, DSR, CAR,
unassigned, XMIT CL, REC Cl, and DRT.
PC board construction eliminates cross-
talk and noise caused by wiring. The
cabinet is eggshell white with walnut grain
sides and measures IVa x 2 V 2 x 5^4-
$79.95 plus $4 shipping and balding. MFJ
Enterprises, Inc, P.O. Box 494, Mississippi
State, MS 39762 (601) 323-5869.

The Grappler intelligent graphics inier-
face takes simple commands from the
keyboard or user programs and dumps
Hi-Res graphics to your printer. Exclusive
EPROM chip makes it easy. There are
Grappler versions to accommodate the
Anadex, Epson Series, IDS, Centronics
739, NEC 8023, C. Itoh Pro-Writer, Okidata
82A, Malibu 200, and future graphic print-
ers. Features inverse graphics, double size
picture, 90 degree rotation, centering,
chart recorder mode, mode block graph-
ics, bell control, skip-over-perforation, left
and right margins, vriable line length, text
screen dump. Works with Pascal and
CP/M as well as Integer and Applesoft.
See your local dealer or contact: Orange
Micro, Inc, 3150 E. La Palma, Suite G,
Anaheim, CA 92806 (800) 854-8275 in
CA call (714) 630-3322.

The CIPBGS personal portable Apple ter-
minal, with built-in display monitor, lets
you operate your Apple 11 anywhere— in
your car or camper, at the beach, wher-
ever. Built-in batteries provide approxi-
mately two hours of operation— without
A.C. power available. For longer operation.

May - June 1 982 85

an external twelve volt battery can be used.
Built-in five inch monitor, rechargeable,
long life SLA batteries for operating your
computer, floppy disk and monitor display.
Adapter for car battery operation, auto-
matic switchover to battery power if A.C.
power fails or is unavailable. Automatic
battery recharge when A.C. power is avail-
able. Chassis accommodates your floppy
disk. Operates from 110/220 VAC or
12VDC-$595. aPBGS, 7825 East Evans
Road, Building 300, Scottsdale, AZ 85260
(602) 991-7356.

MEMORY

The Axion 320K memory System is
designed to interact with Apple DOS 3.3
and Apple Pascal 1.1 like two standard
floppy disk drives while delivering the
lighting fast access speeds of RAM mem-
ory. This also leaves 32K of RAM for
advanced programming techniques. The
interface board is slot independent and
draws no power from your Apple. The
rechargeable battery system built into the
unit provides three hours of backup in the
event of a power loss. Invisible memory
refresh —even with the Apple turned off.
All firmware is in static RAM on the
interface board. Includes software for diag-
nostic, fast load and copy routines, and
business applications. Axion, 1 70 N. Wolfe
Road, Sunnyvale, CA 94086 (408) 730-
0216.

POWER CONDITIONING

Commercial quality power center features
a sensitive protective relay. Momentary
power line off-on transients cause this
relay to latch out power before damage to
disks and equipment can occur. A lighted
reset switch restores power when you are
ready so you can control your power-up
sequence. Individual RFl pi filters isolate
from the other pairs of sockets. Interaction
between printers, processors, floppies and
other equipment is eliminated. Varistors
between each line and ground and be-
tween lines suppress voltage spikes that
can cause memory loss, erratic operation
and equipment damage. A six foot heavy
duty three wire power cord and industrial
grade grounded sockets assure years of
safe and trouble-free use. It is protected by
a fast acting, easy access, popout fuse
(15A, 115 VAC-1875 Watts Max.)-
$99.95 plus $4 shipping and handling.
MFJ Enterprises, Inc, RO. Box 494, Missis-
sippi State, MS 39762 (800) 647-1800 in
MS call (601) 323-5869.

BV cns€s, INC.

D€SIGN€D TO PROT6CT VOUR COMPUT6R

Features —

• Rigid Shell Mode of Plyuuood
Supported High Impact RBS.

• Shock Resistant Foam Lining.

• Heavy Duty Hardoiare
Includes Key Locking Latches

• Bound Metal €dges.

• Interlocking Tongue and
Groove Extrusion, Mating Lid
and 8ottam.

Rpple II Plus 2 Drives $1 75.00

OTH6R

MOD6LS

RVRILRBL6

CLUB RND DCRLCR DISCOUNTS RVRILRBLC
CRSCS, INC. P.O. Box 33820 Seattle, UUR 981 33 (206) 365-5210

86 Apple Orchard

PRINTERS/PLOTTERS

The Model OLIVE- 1 Olivetti Interface
turns the Olivetti Praxis-30 or -50 elec-
tronic daisy wheel typewriter into a letter
quality printer with RS-232C computer
interface. The interface provides a wide
range of user options, such as baud rate,
handshake protocol and special function
selection; all functions of the typewriter
are controllable from the host computer.
Typewriter features interchangeable daisy
wheel (100 characters) and ribbon car-
tridge, selectable character pitch, selec-
table print inpace, friction platen drive with
1 1 inch maximum print width, fully pro-
grammable margin and tab control, 12
characters per second printing speed.
The interface is completely assembled
and tested with interface cables and de-
tailed instructions for attachment to Praxis-
3X, typewriter function unimpaired, priced
below $200; 9 VDC/300mA wall socket
plug-in power supply optional. Model
OUVE-80 printer package, including Praxis-
30 and OLIVE- 1 Interface plus full docu-
mentation, priced below $700, package
with Praxis-35 slightly higher. The Olive
Branch Association, Ltd., 1426W. Winton
Ave., Hayward, CA 94545 (41 5) 887-471 6.

Starwriter F-10 low profile unit is the
answer for the perfect daisy wheel printer,
including such features as: low profile
design (16” high) to fit easily into your
system, industry-standard ribbon car-
tridge, 40 or 55 cps models, standard
parallel or RS232-C interface (including
ETX/ACK, X-On/S-Off) protocols, exten-
sive built-in word processing functions
that allow easy adaptability, uses plastic or
metal wheels, low noise operation. A
choice of friction feed or optional bidirec-
tional tractor feed is available. Leading
Edge Products, 225 Turnpike Street, Can-
ton, MA 02021 (800) 343-6833 inMA call
(617) 828-8150.

The Pro-Writer Matrix Printer includes
1 20 cps bidirectional printing, logic seek-

Introducing DataFax...the easy
way to tame your Data MonsteK

If you deal with Information,
you're probably dealing with a
Data Monster.

He's that mass of notes.
Soribbled messages. Phone
numbers. And all the thousand-
and-one other important
pieces of information you have
floating around your life.

But with DataFax from Link
Systems, you can keep your
Data Monster under control-
plus have a lot more power
over your information than you
ever thought possible.

Unlike most "data manager"
software programs made for
your Apple, DataFax doesn't
care what your data looks like.
Or how long it is, how many
items it has or what you want
to do with it.

The power we've pro-
grammed into DataFax makes
it as simple and natural to use
as a pencil and paper. You can
fill up a screen with anything
you want— even information
already stored on disk. Then
cross-reference it as many dif-
ferent ways as you'd like— by a
date, a species, a customer's
name, whatever.

So when you need that infor-
mation, DataFax will retrieve it
in a way that's meaningful to
you. The powerful keyword
function allows you to get infor-
mation out as quickly and
easily as you entered it. And
DataFax is the only software of
its kind to let you expand from
floppy to hard disks, so it will
never be obsolete.

If getting so
much power for
so little effort
seems too good
to be true, send
us the cou'
pon and we'
send you all
the details.

Or see
your
Apple computer
dealer and prove it
to yourself— before
your data situation
gets any hairier.

nrfaFax-

IINI

SYsrems

Because whether you've got
a monster of a data problem—
or just a small one— DataFax
can tame it.

I want to tame
my Data Monster."

□ Please rush me more information.

Apple II Apple III

□ Dealer inquiry,

□ Send me (quantity)

DataFax'" tor the Apple II at $199
each. CA residents add 6% tax.
Shipping in U.S.A. $3.00 tor first
copy, 509 each additional copy.
Foreign, please add an additional
$10 shipping and handling

'' charge per order.

Payment by

□ VISA □ MasterCard □ Check

Credit Card #

Expiration date '

Interbank #(MC only)

Signature

Name

Company

Address

City

State Zip

Mail tO: Link Systems

1640 19th Street
Santa Monica, CA
90404

(^3MW-185Jj

Apple is a registered trademark
of Apple Computer Co., Inc.

Simply powerful software
that links it all together

® 1982 Link Systems Inc.

ing and proportional spacing combined
with excellent resolution. Graphics capabil-
ity is built-in and includes shape and high
resolution features. The Pro- Writer boasts
of its IK buffer in parallel and 3K buffer in
serial, increment printing ability, N x 9 dot
matrix, and its correspondence qualib/
print in eight character sizes. Built-in tractor
feed and will accept single-sheet feed. Its
paper cut-off is less than one inch from the
print line. Vertical and horizontal tabbing is
automatic and with the use of a stepper
motor, the Pro-Writer is very quiet. Manual
functions include select, line feed. Top of
Form and Power On, combined with
Paper Empty and Cover Open Switches.
The serial version actually includes both
the parallel and serial interfaces. Parallel
model— $795, Serial model— $845. Lead-
ing Edge Products, 225 Turnpike Street,
Canton, MA 02021 (800) 343-6833 in MA
call (617) 828-8150.

The microprocessor-based HP 7470 in-
telligent small-format pen plotter features
two-color capability, high-resolution plot-
ting (-♦-- .025mm) and a rapid plotting
speed of 1 5 inches/second (38 cm/sec)
to produce graphics of exceptional quality.
Can be used with Apple, IBM, and Commo-
dore Pet. Can be connected to laboratory
instruments such as the HP 1 980 oscillo-
scope, spectrum analyzers and other HP
instruments to produce hard-copy ver-
sions of measurement graphics. Pen ac-
celeration of 2 G’s and pen-down velocity
of 38 cm/sec to a pen-up velocity of 50
cm/sec allow even complex plots to be
ocmpleted in a matter of minutes. Built-in
character generation, with European char-
acter set, vector plotting and internal line-
types. The unit can automatically recon-
figure or scale a graphic or character to fit
within a certain area— condensing, ex-
panding enlarging and reducing all images
and characters. Equipped with one of two
standard interfaces: HP-IB (IEEE-488) and
RS-232C. Call your local Hewlett-Packard
sales office.

The Transtar Model 140 daisy wheel
printer provides high quality, fully formed
character printing capabilities in a com-
pact, low profile package. Microprocessor-
based design allows emulation of an
industry standard specialty printer pro-
tocol, providing compatibility with existing

driver routines of established word pro-
cessing software, such as Peachtree’s
Magic Wand and MicroPro’s WordStar.
The serial interface, with front panel-
mounted, DlP-switch selected communi-
cation rates to 2400 baud, supports the
ocmmonly used DTR busy protocol as
standard. An optional bidirectional tractor
allows use of a wide variety of fanfold
forms, and provides precise vertical align-
ment for the accurate printing of super-
scripts, subscripts, and graphics— $1 ,695.
Micro Distributors, 1 1 794 Parklawn Drive,
Rockville, MD 20852 (800) 638-6621 or
Sigma Distributing, 21 10-1 16th Avenue
N.E., Bellevue, WA 98005 (800) 426-141 2.

MISCELLANEOUS

New Dual channel, DC to 50 MHz digital
memoiy Oscilloscope fits as a module
into Apple 11 and Apple 11 Plus micro-
computers, using the display and key-
board as an oscilloscope screen and
control panel, the Apple computer for
waveform processing, and disk memory
for waveform storage. The Model 85 per-
forms standard laboratory functions such
as signal averaging and DVM readout, and
8K of Apple memory is available for user
program development. User program-
mable for such functions as Fast Fourier
Transform, auto- and cross-correlation,
power density spectra, and integration
and differentiation. The Model 85 acquires
data through probes or cables connected
to the module at the back of the computer.
Fastest sweep speed is 1 0ns/ div, and, at 1
ms/div and slower, the scope operates as
a real-time A/D conversion system. Soft-
ware-generated 8x10 division graticule
(erasable for an easier-to-read display,
and, since it is on precisely the same
surface as the waveforms, introduces on
parallax or distortion errors. A cursor pro-
vides DVM readout for any specified point
on a displayed waveform. Supports hard
copy output of the waveform display (Silen-
type or Epson MX-80) to which the user
may add comments if desired— $995.
Requires two peripheral slots, 48K and
one disk drive with DOS 3.3. Northwest
Instrument Systems, Inc., P.O. Box 1309,
Beaverton, OR 97075 (503) 297-1434.

TheKanelA2-l Logic Analyzer is a periph-
eral card for the Apple computer that can
analyze TTL compatible MOS and TTL
circuits. Connected to the card’s three
ribbon cables are 32 data input probes
and 1 6 data output probes. Software sup-

plied displays input signals as columns of
I’s and O’s on the screen. From 1 to 16 of
the inputs may be used for a trigger
pattern. Routines are provided in BASIC,
Pascal and assembly language to help the
user to write custom programs for pro-
grammed stimulus/response interaction
with the circuit under test— $400. Kanel
Corp., 1025 Reynolds Road B202, John-
son City, NY 13790.

The Model T Computer Slide System pro-
duces color slides using a 48K Apple and
graphics tablet. The output of the system
is common 35mm Ektachrome film that
can be developed in 38 minutes. The
slides cost an average of $3 each to
produce and are sold on the open market
for $10 to $20. The Model T has 20
character fonts, each in several sizes. No
programming is necessary to Crete slides
since it is largely created through prompts.
The cost of the add-on to an existing
Apple is $3,495, which includes the repro-
duction module, software and graphics
tablet overlay. The reproduction module
has a motorized 35mm camera controlled
by the computer. Requires an Apple 11 Plus
with 48K, Apple Graphics Tablet, DOS 3.3
with two disk drives and a color video
display. Toucan Visual Production Sys-
tems, 1 033 Battery Street, San Francisco,
CA94111 (415) 392-2970.

The Soundchaser Digital/Analog Music
System, designed for the Mountain Com-
puter Music 5, is a professional 49-key
four octave unit. Superb “touch”, housed
in a handcrafted solid wood cabinet. The
Analog System consists of the keyboard
and interface card, Passport Designs Ana-
log Voice cards, and the Music Operating
System software. Features a three-voice
analog card with state of the art com-
ponents. Oscillator, filter and amplifier are
computer controlled; one card may be
used for up to six voices. Software pro-
vides advanced sonic control, allowing
you to draw contours and modify wave-
form shapes as never before. Sequencer
section lets you lay down bass lines or
chords while you play over them.— $560.
The Digital System consists of the key-
board and interface card, the Mountain
Computer, Inc. Music System and the
Soundchaser Digital performance soft-
ware. Each of the eight voices in the hard-
ware system uses two independently pro-
grammed and controlled digital oscillators.
The software lets you define the “instru-
ments” or presets by drawing the wave-
forms or by specif^ng their harmonic
content. Ten presets in memory can be
changed “on the fly” with no delay. An
outstanding feature is the multi-trach se-
quencer, which can store and play back
entire orchestral arrangements. The se-
quencer is fully polyphonic.— $520. Pass-
port Designs, Inc. 785 Main St, Half Moon
Bay, CA 94019. (415) 726-0280.

88 Apple Orchard

Software

BUSINESS

The VersaFomn Business Forms Pro-
cessor will boost your paper forms pro-
ductivity on the apple 11. A business forms
processor is a sophisticated yet simple to
use transaction management program. The
central feature of such a program is its
ability to process multiple transactions
under a single heading. This is unique
among all existing data or file manage-
ment programs currently available on low-
cost microcomputers. Instantaneous up-
dating within a specified form yields run-
ning totals, cumulative tax or tariff charges,
and correctly calculated sub-total exten-
sion by line. Once the information has
been entered and processed, it can be
sent back to a pre-printed form or blank
paper that becomes its own form. Manage
ment reports can easily be produced
summarizing information from the com-
pleted forms. Applied Software Tech-
nology, 1 5985 Greenwood Road, Monte
Sereno, CA 95030 (408) 395-1541.

EASy, the Executive Accounting System
for the Apple /// is a comprehensive ac-
counting program with general ledger,
accounts receivable, and accounts pay-
able modules. Fully integrated, and de
signed for small- to medium-sized busi-
nesses requiring full reporting capabilities,
maximum friendliness, and expandability.
Generates complete financial and manage
ment reports. Prints invoices, statements
and checks. Entirely menu-driven, multiple
company use, expandable with add-on
modules, partial and manual payments,
flexible accounting periods, fast access to
information. On 5% floppies upgradable
to Profile Hard Disk. No price given. At
your local dealer.

With VC-Manager, you can add, subtract,
divide and multiply VisiCalc files against
other files or constants. Generate Variance
reports. Statements of Changes, Com-
pany totals from Business or Products.
Convert constant $ reports to inflation
adjusted using different price factors for
each line. Compare alternatives on an
incremental bases. Gp to 1 5 files can be
operated on in each pass. Requires Apple-
soft in ROM— $65 plus 6% PA tax. Micro
Decision Systems, P.O. Box 1392, Pitts-
burgh, PA 15219 (412) 276-2387.

Simply enter your tax information into the
easy-to-use Tax Manager program, then
sit back and relax while it quickly com-
putes the information and prints most of
your federal income tax schedules. When
tax laws change don’t be concerned. With
Micro Lab’s Extended Warranty Plan ($30
per year) you can update to the current
version at no additional cost. You will not
have to reinvest more money in a new
program. Computes and prints out the
1 040 form and 115 supporting forms and
schedules. Automatic global recalculation
of entries; recalculations linked from sched-
ule to schedule, schedule to form— $1 50
(deductible). Micro Lab, 2310 Skokie Val-
ley Road, Highland Park, IL 60035 (312)
433-7550.

AccuRec is the integrated time recorder
and wage summary program for Apple 11
business users. Easy to use. Enter your
initial and personal ID code to clockin and
out. Displays daily and weekly records.
Eliminate time-consuming 1 0 key conver-
sion of time cards into paychecks. Prints
an accurate record of attendance and
gross wages. Structure your workweek
and paydays. Set overtime variables—
$79.95. Requires time/clock interface
board. Individualized Operand, P.O. Box
3030, San Rafael,’^CA 94912 (415) 459-
3383.

utilib^city

21 of our most-asked-for Apple Utilities
by Bert Kersey 4Sk Applesoft rom

For YOUR Bis Apple— Our 21 most-asked-for Apple Utilities on one bis
disk— Ust Formatter makes properly spaced & indented listinss with
printer pase breaks. Each prosram statement is on a new line with If-
Then’s & Loops caHed out; a sreat de-bussei"! Catalos in any number
of columns & any pase-width to CRT or printer. Automatically post
the Run-Number & last-used Date in your prosrams. Make any
command invisible in your listinss; Access prosram lines in memory
for sarbase repair & "illesal’’ alteration; Quickly sort & store info on
disk; Run any Applesoft file while another stays intact; Renumber
to 65535; Save inverse, INVISIBLE & trick file names; Convert dec to
hex & binary, or INT to FP; Append prosrams; dump the text
screen to ANY printer . . . More too: 21 Programs Total!

PLUS . . . APPLE TIP BOOK NUMBER THREE!

40 PAGES of new tips, tricks & articles— "DOS Trickery," "Copy
Stoppers," "Programmins the Reset Key" & much more Plus
understandable explanations of how each U-City Prosram works—
One of the best Apple learnins tools on the market today!

✓ Utility City on Applesoft Disk,

^ Beagle Bros Apple Tip Book 3

✓ Apple PEEKS, POKES & POINTERS Chart

alpha plot

Hi-Res Apple Graphics/Text Utility

by Bert Kersey & Jack Cassidy 48K REQUIRED

HI-RES DRAWING: Create hi-res pictures & charts,
appendable to your pro^ams. Keyboard or Paddle control; Op-
tional Xdraw Cursor (see lines before you draw!); Any color mix or
REVERSE (opposite of backsround); Circles, Boxes & Olipses, filled or
not. Bonus Prosrams too— SCRUNCHER stores hi-res in as little as 1/3
normal disk space. SHIFTER transfers any portion of the hi-res screen.
Also superimpose hi-res imases and convert Hi-Res to Lo-Res & back
for fascinatins abstracts!

HI-RES TEXT: Beautiful upper & lower case with Descenders;
color or reverse; Positionable anywhere (NOT restricted by Htabs &
Vtabs). Professional looking PROPORTIONAL SPACINGI Adjustable
Type Size, Leading (line spacing) & Kerning (letter spacing). Multi-
directional typing; up, down, even backwards!

PLUS . . . APPLE TIP BOOK NUMBER FOUR!

40 PAGES of tips for making the most of your Apple’s advanced
graphics capabilities Alpha instructions plus shape table tips, new
titling & color tricks and fascinating animation experiments!

✓Alpha Plot on Applesoft Disk.
^3^52 ✓ Beagle Bros Apple tip Book #4

✓Apple PEEKS, POKES & POINTERS Chart.

il|>ple Utility Disks!

With Free PEEKS & POKES Wall Chart!

J MICRO SOFTWARE

4315 Sierra Vista
San Diego,

CA 92103
714-296-6400

WITH EACH ORDER, YOU WILL RECEIVE . . .

□ Dos Boss, Utility City or Alpha Plot on Applesoft Disk

□ A 40-page Apple Tip Book (each entirely different)

□ An 11x17 Apple PEEKS, POKES & POINTERS Chart

do/ boxf

DISK COMMAND EDITOR

by Bert Kersey & Jack Cassidy

A classic utility you will ENJOY! Rename Commands: "Catalog” can
be "Cat,” etc. Save-Protect your programs; Unauthorized copy at-
tempts produce "Not Copyable” message. 1-Key Program Selection
from catalog (extremely handy!). Catalog Customizer— Change Disk
Volume message to your title; Omit or alter file codes; Catalog by file
type, etc. Rewrite Error Messages— "Syntax Error” can be "Oops!”
or anything you want!

All of Dos Boss’s change feaures may be appended to your pro-
grams, so that anyone using your disks on any Apple (booted or
not) will be formatting DOS the way you designed it!

I ✓ Dos Boss on Applesoft Disk.

✓ Beagle Bros Apple Tip Book =2

✓ Apple PEEKS, POKES & POINTERS Chart

nP^

H^IBeagle Bros Software.

J BONUS WITH EACH DISK!

POKE your Apple «ll night long with this handy 11x17 refer-

ence poster! The most useable PEEKS, POKES, POINTERS &
CALLS scrounged up from every source imaginable! A great
companion to our original Apple Co mmand Chart.

Nationwide:
California:

800-854-2003 ext. 827
800-522-1500 ext. 827
Alaska / Hawaii: 80q-854-26M

^Order^nj)^j^2^

Or order by mail (use this coupon or separate sheet)'^

mmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmm

p ■ RUSH! The disks checked below
I ■ Plus The Tip Book and PEEKS & POKES Chart!

□ UTILITY CITY □ ALPHA PLOT □ DOS BOSS

($31) , ($41) ($25.50)

g I (Prices include Rrst Class Shipping; Calif, residents add 6%.)

Specify:

Im NAME$= 3.2 □ 3.3

I J ADDR$=

CITY$= ZIP=

VISA/MASTERCARD:
Include Account No.
& Expiration Date.

V/SA

Ask around about

Our programs are practical; friendly & user-oriented, and
always come with an amazing amount of documentation &
juicy Apple information. If your dealer doesn’t have our stuff,
get on his case about it, or order directly from us. We ship all
disks & books WITHIN 48 HOURS.

Mail U.S. check, money order or Visa/MC Numbers

“ to: BEAGLE BROS, Dept. A
4315 Sierra Vista,

San Diego, CA 92103

Telephone (714) 296-6400.

Please add $4.50 for shipping outside US or CanTda.
COD orders, add $3. California residents, add 6%.

May -June 1982 89

File-Fax lets you get a handle on your
records. Can organize your records for
day-to-day use. It will search for and re-
trieve information at incredibly high speed,
and turn out almost any type of report. It’s
extremely flexible— File-Fax can maintain
customer files, payroll records, mailing
lists, patient histories, sales results, etc.
Visual display is tailored to your own taste
and needs. You actually create your own
forms just the way you want them. Com-
prehensive manual makes File-Fax easy
to learn. Help menu is available on-line.
Price not given. TMQ Software, Inc., 390
N. East River Road, Des Plaines, IL 6001 6
(312)299-5671.

The “Slide Show” allows you to use your
Hi-Res pictures in a programmed se-
quence. Think of it as a standard slide
show on your television with the advantage
of “TV-like” special effect transitions be-
tween “slides”. Twenty different transi-
tions including: horizontal and vertical
wipes, ripple effects, column wipes, etc.
Works with standard Apple pictures, single
or multiple disk drives. Free run, timed,
keypress or game button slide advance.
User friendly— not copy protected. Prints
slide/transition listing— $49.95. C&H
Video, P.O. Box 201, Hummelstown, PA
17036(717)533-8480.

DB Master Version Three has more fea-
tures than before. Now you can have
computed fields— perfect for accounts
receivable, inventory control and similar
applications. Each record may now in-
clude up to 10 computed fields. Field
values are automatically re-computed and
displayed each time a record is edited. Tell
DB Master which field to total and which
records to use. A running summary of
records found and the field’s sum, average
and standard deviation are displayed on
the screen. New report generator option
capabilities include number formatting
with commas, auto-date record selection
for printing daily, monthly or annual re-
ports, printing of averages and standard
defviation when printing olumn totals. DB
Master’s standard features include dy-
namic prompting, user designed screen
forms, short form, data compaction, pass-
word file protection, multiple sort keys.
Price not given. If you’re a registered
owner of an earlier version of DB Master,
send one or both of your program disk-
ettes, plus $1 5 for an update to Version
Three. Stoneware, Inc., 50 Belvedere
Street, San Rafael, CA 94901 (415) 454-
6500.

Muse Software offers four packages to
make your office Apple II more useful:
Super-Text word processing system is so
simple to use you’ll learn the basics of text
editing in mere minutes. Many advanced

feature such as split screen for editing
large documents, math mode for operat-
ing statistical reports, optional file linking
for global search and print operations,
preview mode for reviewing line endings
and page breaks before printing, form
letter generation and mailing list manage-
ment add-on modules plus much more—
$150. Form Letter, an add-on module to
Super-Test, allows you to print multiple
letters with individual names and ad-
dresses and personal inserted paragraphs
and name insertions. The program will
also format and print an envelope at the
end of the letter— $100. The Address
Book is an add-on to Super-Text that lets
you add or change addresses; list phone
numbers; print labels, sort addresses; ac-
cess state and your category codes. Or
use the Address Book alone as a simple
mailing list— $49.95. Data Plot converts
hard-to-understand figures into clear graph-
ics. Choose the format that works best:
bar chart, line graph, scatter diagram or
pie chart— all in color— $59.95. Muse Soft-
ware, 347 N. Charles Street, Baltimore,
MD 21201 (301)659-7212.

MicroFinesse provides professional finan-
cial forecasting plus full high-resolution
color graphics support, including pie
charts, histograms and graphs, for the
financial projections you create. Menu-
driven command format can also generate
up to 15 user-defined reports per model,
with visuals, without reprogramming. Avail-
able at your local dealer or contact:
Osborne/McGraw-Hill, 630 Bancroft Way,
Berkeley, CA 9471 0 (41 5) 548-2805.

Complete Mailing Label and Filing Sys-
tem provides dynamic file maintenance:
labels 1 to 4 across, duplicate labels,
customized labels, elaborate multi-level
count/sorts, range sorts and partial field
sorts; formatted 80-column (or more)
reports. Ultra Plot is beautiful business
graphics, completely menu driven (with
no commands to learn). Create bar charts,
stacked bar charts, scatter charts, pie
charts, hi-low graphics and map charts.
Interface program allows you to use your
mailing system data files to create Ultra
Plot data or picture files. See all of your
mailing system information in graph or
chart form. This utility will total and aver-
age, search, sort, and count. Also includes
utilities: merge, reformat, index any field,
subfile creation based on any search/sort
you want. Requires Applesoft ROM, 48K,
1 or 2 disk drives, DOS 3.2 or 3.3,
Muffinable. 8 Diskfulls, 5 part 3-ring
manual— $175. Avant-Garde Creations,
P.O. Box 301 60, Eugene, OR 97403 (503)
345-3043.

The Hardisk Accounting System is a
menu driven, double entry accounting
system. It consists of general ledger, ac-
counts receivable, accounts payable, in-

ventory, point of sale, sales order entry,
purchase order entry, payroll, fixed asset
management, and mailing labels. All
modules are interactive and include com-
plete audit trails. The businessperson will
find the Hardisk Accounting System easy
to use, thanks to the data entiy prompts
and extensive error checking. Available in
UCSD Pascal for the Apple // / with Coivus
or Apple hard disk or the Apple II with
Corvus hard disk. Great Plains Computers,
113 Broadway, Fargo, ND 58102 (701)
293-8483.

Realty Software has released an enhanced
version of the disk based Property Manage-
ment System for tracking Income and
Expenses on rental property. This system
will handle a mixture of property rentals
including single family homes, condo-
miniums as well as multifamily housing.
Information for each rental is kept on-line
including up to three rentor names or
name and address, four phone numbers,
date rented, rent amount, deposits, num-
ber of returned checks plus two memo
lines. This information along with rental
income tracking data is stored on diskette
and is easily displayed on-screen at any
time for information or updating purposes.
All information can be printed for a perma-
nent record. Features display of late rents,
year-to-date and monthly income, entering
of expenses and operating statements for
each building separately or in consolidated
form. For the Apple II or Apple ///— $375,
Realty Software Company, 1116 F 8th
Street, Manhattaan Beach, CA 90266
(213) 372-9419.

A new Scientific Software Package pro-
vides Sophisticated nonlinear least squares
using Marquardt optimization strategy.
Also provides curve^fitting, paianriet^
data-fitting. In using NLLSQ it is only
necessary to provide simple oneline sub-
routines to fit data to equations like: y = A
exp (B + Cx) -I- D exp (E + Fx). Almost any
linear or nonlinear least squares problem
can be handled, subject to limitations of
memory and machine accuracy. Includes
features limited previously to main-frame
computing. Stores results on disk, formats
output Standard deviations in parameters.
Write for free, informative manual. NLLSQ—
$125 plus $3 handling. CET Research
Group, Ltd., P.O. Box 2029, Norman OK
73070 (405) 360-5464.

Routeplanner will help anyone who plans
business and sales trips, pick-up and
delivery routes, van pools, transit routes or
other trips containing multiple stops.
Routeplanner accepts up to 21 route
stops whose map coordinates are ob-
tained from most city, state or national
maps. After optional route adjustments
are made, Routeplanner computes the
order of stops and approximate distance
for the shortest trip. Also provides a data

90 Apple Orchard

256K

APP-L-CACHE

TRIPLE DISK SPEED - QUIKTUPLE MEMORY SIZE !!

Triple your data retrieval speed!

Imagine the speed of a "solid-stote disk” without access deloys or
moving ports. Fast and reliable.

Quintuple your memory size!

Imagine the power of 304K memory — 48K more than IBM's 256K
new personal computer. Dig and responsive.

The 5VA 256K APP-L-CACHE gives you two highspeed solid state mini
disks and oil the functions of o 16K memory cord conveniently
pocked inside your Apple residing in Slot 0.

Consider the copobilities and expansion potential of the 5VA APP-L-
CACHE before buying onother mini disk or o memory cord.

With the APP-L-CACHE you get big system performance at o micro
price.

ADVANTAGES

Improve system operation:

• Add 64K to 256K bytes of memory to your Apple

• Gain up to 2 "solid-stote mini disk drives” through EPPOM
emulation of stondord DOS disk commands

• Enjoy oil the functions of o standard 1 6K memory cord

• Eliminate need to purchase on additional mini disk drive

Improve software performance:

• Enhance high speed data access and file sorting

• Compute on large data bases without mini disk delays

• Reduce disk swopping and handling

• Gain hard disk performance and the simplicity of mini floppy
operation.

• Improve progrom development speed ond lower costs

• Copy ond verify disks with only one mini drive

SOFTWARE SUPPORT

You hove complete compotibility with CP/M*, PASCAL, ond the
APPLE DOS* operoting systems.

Poscol users gain

• Automatic load of oil system files to APP-L-CACHE

• Double compilation speed

• Reduced Editor ond Filer load time by 3 times

• Single mini disk drive operation

Apple DOS users gain

• Automatic initialization

• Foster program loading ond file accessing

CP/M users gain

• Automatic initialization

• User selectable volume number

SORRENTO VALLEY ASSOCIATES, INC.

11722 Sorrento Volley Rood
Son Diego, CA 92121-1 084
(714) 452-0101

*CP/M Trademark Digital Research, APPLE DOS Trademark of Apple Computer.
VisiColc Trodemorl^ of VisiCorp.

base program which can store map loca-
tions of up to 400 accounts, streets, cities,
etc. This eliminates the need to con-
tinuously refer to maps when entering
data into routeplanner. Requires an Apple
11 with 48K Applesoft, and disk drive.
Printer is optional— $149 plus $1.50 for
shipping and handling. Columbia Soft-
ware, Box 2235, 5461 Marsh Hawk Way,
Columbia, MD 21045 (301) 997-3100.

The General Ledger Package by Money
Disk for the small business is called No-
Nonsense Books. The system is organized
around 50 pre-named accounts including
two checking accounts. Account and Profit
Center names may be changed if desired.
Maintains records of sales in five Profit
Centers for retail and wholesale account-
ing. Also maintains complete records of
each check written and all journal entries.
Each transaction must be balanced before
being accepted for recording directly to
the ledger accounts. A 64-page user’s
manual is provided. Monthly entries are
limited only by diskette capacity. Any
record may be viewed on the screen or
printed. Checkbook reconciliation for both
accounts is completed on screen in just a
few seconds. Account totals are main-
tained for year to date, current month, last
month, and last year. Printed reports in-
clude Journal and check entries. Sales
Summary and Inventory Turnover Report,
Operating Summary, Profit and Loss by

Profit Center, Trial Balance, Formal Profit
and Loss Statement, Balance Sheet, Year
end Worksheet and Chart of Accounts.
Requires an Apple 11 with Applesoft Firm-
ware card of Apple 11 Plus with 48K
memory, two disk drives, 132 column
printer (card in slot ^1)— $225. Money
Disk, P.O. Box 1531, Richland, WA 99352
(509) 943-0198.

This group of programs provides a com-
plete system for depreciating up to 800
capital assets. The system capabilities
provide for any of seven depreciation
methods including ACRS for 1981-1985.
Pickup previously depreciated items using
last years tax return or your present depre-
ciation schecule. Purchase cost or basis
may be up to $1 million for any period
from one to 99 years. Calculates Invest-
ment Tax Credit, pro-rates depreciation
when necessary, and allows conversion of
depreciation method with Inventory, Dis-
posed Property List and Recovered Cost
List. Any report may be printed at any
time. The Disposed Property List reports
all items which have been sold, including
the sales price, initial cost and basis, total
depreciation to sale date, and tax gain or
loss. The Equipment Inventory is a manage-
ment tool for physical inventory and re-
cording condition and operating status of
industrial equipment. The system requires
an Apple Computer with at least 32K

memory, one disk drive and an 80 or 120
column printer. A 50 page user’s manual
is provided— $225. Money Disk, P.O. Box
1531, Richland, WA 99352 (509) 943-
0198.

This system provides a complete Ac-
counts Receivable Accounting System
system for up to 400 charge customers. A
maximum of 2500 entries for all accounts
per month may be processed. In addition
to the usual account billing, recording
cash received and charge sales, the pro-
gram provides a means for entering sales
information and printing sales invoices
and packing slips. The system also prints
four collection form letters and address
labels for envelopes and file folders. Ac-
count balances are maintained for current
month, 30, 60 and 90+ days past due for
each account and grand total. Year to date
and monthly total purchases, discounts,
service charges and bad debts are ac-
cumulated for each account and sum-
marized. Courtesy discounts and late pay-
ment service charges are automatically
applied if perviously authorized. Printed
reports are automatically formatted for
printers between 80 and 132 columns—
$225. Money Disk, P.O. Box 1531, Rich-
land, WA 99532 (509) 943-01 98.

The Executive Briefing System (EBS) is a
state-of-the-art presentation package. EBS
cretes, organizes, and displays dynamic

Supercharge

Your APPLE II*

• Plug-in compatibility

• 320K bytes of RAM (200NS) memory designed
to function like two 35 track floppy disk drives

• Compatible with Apple DOS 3.3 and Apple
Pascal 1.1

• Same size as the Apple Disk M* Drive

• Invisible memory refresh - even with the Apple
turned off

The Axion RAMDISK™ 320K Memory System for
the Apple II and Apple II Plus* provides access
speeds never before available. The Axion memory
system is designed to interact with Apple DOS
3.3* and Apple Pascal 1.1* like two standard flop-
py disk drives while delivering the lightning fast
access speeds of RAM memory. This also leaves
32K of RAM for advanced programming techni-
ques. The interface board is slot independent and
draws no power from your Apple. The
rechargeable battery system built into the unit
provides three hours of backup in the event of a
power loss. Drop by your local Apple dealer or
contact Axion, Inc. for more information.

* Trademark of Apple Computer, Inc.

* Pascal is a Trademark of U.C.S.D. Regents

Rechargeable battery system built-in to pro-
vide 3 hours of auxiliary power

Slot independent interface board - draws no
power from your Apple

All firmware is in static RAM on the interface
board

Includes software for diagnostic, fast load and
copy routines, and business applications

170 N. Wolfe Road,
Sunnyvale, CA 94086
A)( LON (408) 730-021 6

92 Apple Orchard

get tap performance
hoohs from your appte!

5154-9 Basic Computer Programs for the
Home (Sternberg) “This is one of the very
tidiest books of its type, a model of how such
books should be laid out.” Creative Computing,
Contains over 75 practical home application
programs helpful to the novice or experienced
owner in increasing the usefulness of any home
computer. Each program is documented with a
description of its functions and operation, a
listing in BASIC, a symbol table, sample data,
and one or more samples. $10.95
ALSO AVAILABLE ON APPLE II DISK,
request 10509, $24.95

New! 5174-3 Cryptanalysis for
Microcomputers (Foster) Use your micro to
help crack and create secret codes. Three easy-
to-understand BASIC programs are offered for
each cipher system. The first program converts
Plaintext to Ciphertext, the second program
converts Ciphertext to Plaintext, and the third
uses mechanical aids and standard attacks on
cryptograms. Line-by-line analysis accompanies
each program. $13.95 (t)

New! 5149-0 Codes, Ciphers, and
Computers: An Introduction to
Information Security (Bosworth) Describes
the fundamentals of secret communication and
provides an understanding of computer security
through computer cryptography. Details and
illustrates traditional cryptography techniques
developed before computers and discusses more
recent concepts for the highest levels of
information and data security. $13.95

New! 5534-X The BASIC Conversions
Handbook for Apple TRS-80 and

PET ™ Users (Brain Bank) Convert Apple II
and PET programs to TRS-80, TRS-80 and PET
programs to Apple II, and TRS-80 and Apple II
to PET. Equivalent commands are listed for
TRS-80 BASIC (Model I, Level II), Applesoft
BASIC, and PET BASIC, as well as variations
for the TRS-80 Model III and Apple Integer
BASIC. Also describes various graphic
capabilities. $7.95

New! PIE Writer: Word Processing
System (Crosley) Compose, edit, format, and
print virtually any document or correspondence
fast, easily, and inexpensively! PIE Writer offers
all the versatility and machine efficiency of the
larger systems but at a fraction of the cost.
Works with 40 or 80 column display boards and
features incremental spacing, word delete, word
tabbing, underlining, centering, and more. Also
produces “personalized” form letters and has
special Call command for access to machine
language subroutines.

12009, Standard;

13409, Smarterm, Sup‘R’Term, Videx,
each $149.95

Sargon II (Spracklens) The first great
computer chess program. “This program
represents a giant step forward in micro-
computing Chess ... an excellent program
which will provide a true challenge for many
players. We are impressed with the program’s
speed, its opening book, and its much improved
end game . . . Save your money and buy
SARGON II. . .” ’80 Software Critique.

03404, Apple II tape, $29.95
03409, Apple II Disk, $34.95

New! King Cribbage (Rost) A must for card
game lovers! Match hands against a computer
armed with high-resolution graphics and a
superior card playing ability! Easy instructions
for beginners! 11509, Apple II disk, $24.95

Hayden Applesoft tm Compiler (Eiten) A
new 3.3 DOS version features several modifica-
tions including automatic garbage collection,
the ability to printout compiler statistics, and a
revised protection scheme to eliminate the need
for hardware. These improvements and more
are also available in the 3.2 DOS version.

08809, Apple II Disk, 3.2 Version;

11909, Apple II Disk, 3.3 Version;
each $175.00

Klondike 2000 (Trackman) Gold is hidden in
the desolate coave of a mine in the Martian
desert. You discover the secret to gaining the
loyalty of hostile robots guarding tbe gold. But
you must fight conniving opponents and carry
your gold out of the mine. Suspense! Excite-
ment! Treachery! 10209, Apple II Disk, $24.95

Order Today

I Hayden Book Company, Inc. |

I 50 Essex St., Rochelle Park, NJ 07662 j

I Please send me the book(s) checked on 15-day FREE examination. At the end of I

I that time, I will send payment, plus postage and handling, or return the book(s) I

I and owe nothing. On all prepaid. Visa or Master Card charge orders, publisher [

I pays postage - same return guarantee. |

I □ 5149-0 □ 5154-9 □ 5174-3 □ 5534-X

I Please send me the software checked. Enclosed is my check or money order.

I PAYMENT MUST ACCOMPANY ALL SOFTWARE ORDERS.

□ 03404 □ 08809 □ 11509 □ 12009 i

I □ 03409 □ 10209 □ 11909 □ 13409

I Residents of NJ and CA must add sales tax. Offer good in USA only. Prices j

I subject to change without notice. [

I Name i

Available at your local computer
store or order by phone

1 - 800 - 631-0856

In New Jersey, call 201-843-0550, ext. 382.

Apple and Applesoft are registered trademarks of the Apple Computer
Co., Inc,; TRS-80 is a registered trademark of Radio Shack, Inc.; PET is a
registered trademark of Commodore Business Machines, Inc., none of
which are affiliated with Hayden Book Company, Inc.

Address_

City

State

_Apt # .

Visa/Master Card #_
Signature.

_Exp. Date _

“slide show” presentations on the Apple 11.
The slide shows run automatically or
manually, using hand controllers or the
keyboard to advance, backup, or view
individual slides. Run-Time options of
viewing time, multi-disk wrap-around, and
special effects such as curtains, dissolves,
spirals, and cuts, may be specified prior to
the show, or changed mid-show. EBS
offers true color text fonts, proportional
characters, and total text positioning flex-
ibility. The Draw feature enables the user
to draw in any of the six Apple colors,
creating borders, flow charts, and dia-
grams. Provides drivers for Epson, Integral
Data and Silentype printers. Color hard
copy is also available, as EBS supports the
IDS Prism Printer. Comes complete with a
demonstration diskette and full documen-
tation— $1 99. Professional Software Tech-
nology, Inc., 180 Franklin Street, Cam-
bridge, MA 02189 (617) 497-2077.

Add memory to Persona Software’s 16
sector VisiCalc program with the new VC-
PLGS program. Add 82K or 145K of
“free” memory space using one or two
64K cards from Legend. The program
comes on the 128KDE card’s demo disk-
ette, and is available as an update for the
1 28KDE user. It also comes with the 64K
card but is available for $34.95 for single
64KC users. You will need a 48K Apple 11
and the Legend Industries 64KC or
128KDE card. No language or other 16K

card is needed. From your local dealer or
contact: Legend Industries, Ltd., 2220
Scott Lake Road, Pontiac, Ml 48054 (31 3)
674-0953.

Omnifile is a full featured file manager
and report generator— $49.95; Omnitrend
is a powerful multiple regression trend
analysis program with statistical calcula-
tions and extensive hi-res graphics—
$44.95; Omnigraph is a glexible data
plotting program that allows X-Y plots, bar
charts and pie charts— $39.95. All three
are available for $99.95. Also available is
the Omnitest educational system, which
allows you to build your own question and
answer files on any subject, then review
them in drill or quiz game mode— $29.95.
Programs come on unlocked diskettes
with listable code. Educational Computing
Systems, Inc., 106 Fairbanks Road, Oak
Ridge, TN 37830 (615) 483-4915.

The Phone Chronicle is a new hardware-
software product that provides complete
logging of pertinent data on all outgoing
and incoming telephone calls. It logs date,
time, number called, duration and identifi-
cation code. The Phone Chronicle is avail-
able for Apple 11 and IBM personal com-
puters. Consists of a plug in PC board, a
complete software package, all cables
and a user manual. Installation takes just a
few minutes. Powered independently of
the computer and operates even when the

computer is turned off or when being
used for other tasks. It has its own micro-
processor and memory. The memory is
used to buffer the call data and has a
battery back up so that data is not lost
during a power failure. The on-board
memory holds data from 1 50 calls. The
extensive software package provided with
the Phone Chronicle handles four major
functions: Data Collection and transfer
from the on-board memory to a disketter.
Initialization program. System editor for
preparing report formats and a Report
Generator. Single line unit— $395; four
line model is $695. Sycon, Inc, 3040 Scott
Blvd., Santa Clara, CA 95050 (408) 727-
2751.

This Inventoiy and Stock Control System
permits up to 2m500 stock items and 99
suppliers: this can be increased to 3,000 if
less information is stored for individual
stock itmes. Stores stock description, prod-
uct code reference, supplier code and
name, quantity in stock (max 9,999), date
of last sale, dte of last addition, level at
which item should be re-ordered, quantity
on order (max 9,999), date re-ordered,
cost price (max $999.99), mark-up per-
centage. Supplier name, quantity of each
stock item sold to date is also stored.
Menu driven program validates data entry.
Password protected, the system includes
complete documentation and user’s

nrianik— £225.0QMicroS>sternsLkL

field House, Vale, Guernsey, Channel Is-
lands, Europe-GB. (04811) 47377.

Get the facts about your stock market
investments with the Stock Portfolio Sys-
tem and an Apple computer. Easy to use
menu driven system with simple step by
step documentation. Flexible format per-
mits you to buy stocks or options, cash or
margin, plus control your money market
account. Features current portfolio status
by position, total funds balances, short
and long term, plus much more. Advance
notice of stocks going long term; divi-
dends coming due; and options expiring.
Complete records provide profit and loss
statement; dividend income; all year to
date— $149.95 plus $2 shipping. CA resi-
dents add 6% sales tax. Requires an Apple
]N with 48K, 1 disk drive DOS 3.3 and
applesoft in ROM. Will support a second
disk and a printer. Smith Micro Software,
P.O. Box 604, Sunset Beach, CA 90742
(213) 592-1032.

A new Depredation/ACRS Analysis Sys-
tem will handle three, five, ten and fifteen
year ACRS property types and compare
the ACRS deductions to the alternative
straight line depreciation. The printed
output shows each year’s deduction for
the ACRS method and the straight line
method with the accumulated totals from
previous years for each method allowing a
complete analysis of both choices— $75.

SOFTWARE AUTHORS!

for Apple, Atari, TRS-80, NEC, Hitachi. . . .

Br^derbund Software is looking for new authors to join its
international team of programmers. If you have a product for
the micro market, let us show you the advantages of working
"With our team of design, production and distribution
specialists. - •

Call or write for our free Authors Kit today or send us a
machine readable copy of your work for prompt review under,
strictest confidence.

, Bl^derbund SoftuuQr

^ „

1938 Fourth Street, Son Rofoel, CR 94901 • (415) 456-6424 ‘

94 Apple Orchard

Information
Unlimited
Software, Inc.

281 Arlington Avenue
Berkeley, California 94707
(415) 525-9452

Gaining momentum.

Introducing Datadex™ for the Corvus.

Datadex.

Friendly. Flexible. Fast.

Datadex is the easiest Data Base Management program for the Apple Computer.
It is friendly, flexible and fast.

Now it is available on the Apple Corvus Hard Disc.

FAST.

hole volume in 3 minutes.

FASTER.

Y record in a 10 megabyte
file in 10 seconds.

FASTEST.
Drt 500 records in memory
in just 3 seconds.

)TEN YOUR SEAT BELTS.
Datadex offers all this
high-speed power-
plus accessibility
and security.
The Omninet network
provides 64 users
simultaneous access to the
data base, and features
full customer lock-out
for data security.

Realty Software Company, 116 ‘E’ 8th
Street, Manhattan Beach, CA 90266 (213)
372-9419.

This program, called Forecaster, keeps
track of one year’s worth of weekly entries
of data for up to 40 funds. Designed for
mutual fund and money market telephone
switch option investors. It uses a forward
difference algorithm to predict stock mar-
ket trends, and then generates buy or sell
signals. The program manual is clearly
written, and goes into some financial
background for the benefit of the begin-
ning investor. Detailed instructions in be-
ginning your investment program and on
the use of the Forecaster system are
supplied. Features include a data plot
function, automatic calculation of the per-
cent gain or loss, and a special function
that allows the user to do midweek checks
on the investment without effecting the
data base— $75 plus $2 shipping. A one
year data base for 1 5 select funds is also
available for $20. For Apple 11, TRS 80 1 & 11,
or CP/M Basic 80. Meta Software En-
gineering, P.O. Box 18056, Albuquerque,
NM 87185.

The General Ledger with Payables has a
capacity of 2,000 ledger accounts, un-
limited journal entries, 200 open payable
accounts, 1 ,900 open invoices, values up
to $9,999,999,999.99, 1,000 checks per
disk and user definable account numbers
up to 1 0 digits. Prints checks, journal audit
trails, balance sheets, income statements
with budgets, history, month, year-to-date
percentage and dollar change, depart-
ment reports, check register and much
more. The documentation is clearly written
and segmented with tabs which corres-
pond to numbered functions on the
screen. Compatible with Brc/derbund Pay-
roll and Accounts Receivable packages—
$495. Requires 64K Apple 11 or 11 Plus with
DOS 3.3 or an Apple ///, two disk drives
and a printer. Brc/ derbund Software, Inc.,
Business Software Division, 1 1 938 Fourth
Street, San Rafael, CA 94901 (415) 456-
6425.

New H-P plotter software, allows you to
produce presentation-quality full-color busi-
ness graphics using the Apple 11 or /// and
Hewlett-Packard plotters. Produces bar-
charts, line charts, scatter diagrams and
pie charts as well as text pages and signs,
on paper or acetate (transparencies). Data
can be entered manually or automatically
from VisiCalc and other programs. Charts
can be edited, stored, and retrieved. Op-
tions include footnote and framing capa-
bilities, a variety of hatchings and line
types, exploded pie segments, linear re-
gression and curve-fittings, logarithmic
axes, and much more. Chart-Master is an
interactive, menu-driven program that
allows users, whether managers or sec-
retaries, to produce professional looking
charts immediately, with little or no train-
ing. Simply enter your data, choose op-
tions, select a chart format, and Chart-
Master does the rest— $450. Decision
Resources, 44 White Birch Road, Weston,
CT 06883 (203) 222-1974.

A new Snow Watch Weather Emergency
System provides computerized school
and business closings for use in a severe
weather emergency by radio and television
stations. Schools phone in unique code
numbers to tell whether they are open or
closed. Program completely organizes
status reports and messages. Prints full or
update reports for on-air use. Requires a
48K Apple with CP/M, Disk 11 and a printer
—$350 includes diskette, documentation,
and consultation. Media Service Concepts,
inc., 1713 N. North Park, Chicago, IL
60614.

COMMUNICATIONS

With the Morse Decoder, you can connect
your short wave CW receiver directly to
any Apple 11. No hardware interface is
required. Software decodes Morse and
prints or displays alphabetics. The pack-
age will adjust to any speed or pitch at the
touch of a key. Menu driven program has
many useful features. The package comes
on disk or cassette with complete docu-
mentation— $12.50. Bob Wiseman, 118
St. Andrews Drive, Cincinnati, OH 45245.

EDUCATION

Antfarm is a unique program designed to
teach principles of good programming to
children. Uses structured program control:
sequence, selection, ieration, subpro-
gram. Forces modularity of programs,
mnemomic namig and encourages top-
down design. In addition to the principles
of good programming, Antfarm is fun.
Kids have fun making the ant move, eat,
plant, in interesting ways. Requires a 48K
Apple with DOS 3.3— $49.95. Computer
Consulting, 6723 E. 66th Place, Tulsa, OK
74133 (918) 492-9036.

Nutrichec is a diet analysis program which
features: Calculation of physical activity
level from 90 activities, adaptable; food
data base based on 1 980 RDA contains
over 600 common foods, user expandable
to over 900; displays and prints intake,
suggested intake, percent of suggested,
and index of nutrient quality for calories,
fiber, fat, protein, 5 vitamins, and 6 miner-
als; missing data indicated; makes bar
graph for percent of suggested intake.
Requires 32K DOS 3.3 with Applesoft—
$59.95. Computer Consulting, 6723 E.
66th Place, Tulsa, OK 74133 (918) 492-
9036

The Micro-Deutsch German Course set
includes 24 grammar lessons, covering
all material of an introductory German
course. Four test units also included.
Grammar lessons use substitution trans-
formation drills, item ordering, translations
and verb drills. Drill vocabulary based on
frequency lists. Suitable for use with any
high school or college textbook. Exten-
sively field tested at SONY Stony Brook—
$179. Krell Software Corp., 21 Millbrook
Drive, Stony Brook, NY 1 1 790 (51 6) 751 -
5139.

The College Board S.A.T. Program con-
fronts the user with a virtually limitless
series of questions and answers. Each is
based on past exams and presents mate-
rial on the same level of difficulty and in
the same form used in the S.A.T. Scoring
is provided in accordance with the formula
used by College Boards. S.A.T., P.S.A.T.,
N.M.S.Q.T.— Educator Edition set in-
cludes 25 programs covering Vocabulary,
Word Relationships, Reading Comprehen-
sion, Sentence Completion, and Mathe-
matics. Independent tests of S.A.T. series
performance show a mean total increase
of 70 points in students’ scores— $229.95.
Graduate Record Exam series— Educator
Edition includes 28 programs covering
Vocabulaty, Word Relationships, Reading
Comprehension, Sentence Completion,
Mathematics, Analytical Reasoning and
Logical Diagrams— $289.95. Krell Soft-
ware Corp., 21 Millbrook Drive, Stony
Brook, NY 11790 (516) 751-5139.

Music Master is a curriculum for basic
musicianship. Covers musical topics rang-
ing from simple note recognition by ear to
the identification of melodies achieved
through interaction with a music key-
board. Designed for the beginning as well
as the advanced music student, Music-
Master builds a solid foundation for per-
forming, composing and orchestrating
music. Uses the alphaSyntauri intelligent
instrument. Available in self-contained
modules on floppy diskette conesponding
to three levels of mastery: beginner,
intermediate, and advanced. Beginners
module covers scales, intervals and triads.

96 Apple Orchard

^Pw®rtippl 0 r% features

• OmphlW Screen Dump
« Inverse Oraphlcs

• Emphasized Graphics

• Double Size Picture

• 90° Rotation

• Center Graphics

i Chart Recorder Mode

• Block Graphics
:• Bell Control

• Skip-over-Perf

5* Left and Right Margins

• Variable Line Length

• Text Screen Dump.

The Grappler™ works with Pascal
andCPM.

The Grappler™ iStbe moir*
intelligent Apple interface avail-
able. Simple commands from the
keyboard or user program, are all
you need to dump screen graph-
ics to your printer. The Grappler’s
exclusive EPROM chip makes
high resolution graphics that
'easy. There are Grappler
sions to accommodate tliitC ^ '
Anadex, Epson Series* IdS
Paper Tigers, Centronics 739,
NEC 8023, G. Itoh Pro-writer,
Okidata 82A,* Malibu 200, and
future graphic printers.

‘Requires Graphics Upgrade.

ACTUAL APpLe II PRINT|S8t®'Nfe GRAPPLER^AND EPSOt

Printer I

llntcrfacc

IftOfor^ge micro

3150 E. La Palma, Suite G, Anaheim, CA 92806

( 714 ) 630-3620

Intermediate and Advanced modules
(available December 1 982) will cover ad-
vanced topics such as movable do,
rhythmic dictation, counterpoint and
modulation. Built-in scoring software gives
feedback at the end of sessions so that
students and teachers can see progress
and identify areas which have been mas-
tered. Also includes reporting and teacher
management sections— $150. Syntauri
Corp., 35006 Waverly St., Palo Alto, CA
94306 (415) 494-1017.

Dietician is a new idea for the microcom-
puter. Make up a diet menu with specified
content of calories, carbohydrates, pro-
teins, fats, cholesterol and sodium. The
program comes complete with the com-
position of 700 foods. Allows you to look
at the composition of each food instan-
taneously before deciding to include it in
your diet. Make as many menus as you
like, each one with your own choice of
foods. Make a different menu for each day
of the week or the month. Takes only min-
utes to make up a menu. Store the menus
on the diskette or print them out. Analyze
popular advertised diets. Originally written
for use in a physician’s office. Now made
available to the public. Requires Apple 11 or
Apple 11 Plus with Applesoft in ROM and
one disk drive with DOS 3.3. Printer desir-
able. Complete with documentation—
$59.95. Dietware, P.O. Box 503, Spring,
TX 77373.

Easily memorize verses of scripture with
this unique Bible Quiz system. Enter the
verses you wish to remember into the data
base using the Add Verses program. The
Bible Quiz program will then formulate
questions on all of the verses you have
selected to be quizzed on. There are five
different types of questions each verse
may have with a variety of different ways to
ask each type: 1) reference a quoted
verse, 2) give the topic of a verse number,
3) quote a numbered verse, 4) pick the
verse number in a given chapter for a
particular subject, 5) fill in the blanks of a
verse. You may group your verses by
Books of the Bible, topics, or whatever you
wish. Requires DOS 3.3, or 3.3 and Apple-
soft ROM— $29.95. Professional Compu-
ter Systems, 31 8A Lincoln Ct., Blooming-
dale, IL 60108.

This Diagnostic Reading Software pro-
gram is the first to use a diagnostic/reme-
diation approach to teaching reading. PAL
covers the entire scope of reading educa-
tion for Grades 2 through 6. The curricu-
lum has been validated against the top
seven textbook reading series in the Uni-
ted States. PAL diagnoses the specific
deficiencies in a child’s reading ability,
and prescribes remediation exercises
directly targeted at the problem diagnosed.
The program evaluates up to 40 major
reading skils and up to 160 subskills per
grade level. The Master Disk contains an

upper/lo)ver case chip for the Apple II
which allows PAL to present exercises in a
“real world’’ format. Each reading Pack-
age contains one Discovery Disk, which
performs the diagnostic testing, and one
or two Learning Disks, which provides
300-400 remediation exercises for each
grade level. Keeps records for up to 30
students and gives an update on each
student’s progress every time he/she signs
on the machine— $99.95 per package.
Universal Systems for Education, Inc.,
2120 Academy Circle, Suite E, Colorado
Springs, CO 80909 (303) 574-4575.

Ghostwriter Authoring System allows
non-programmers to easily create, modify
and update sophisticated interactive video
or CAI programs. Designed to to accom-
modate both novice and expert authors,
the Ghostwriter provides graphics capabil-
ity, a comprehensive word processor/text
editor, unlimited branching, and scoring
of responses. Unique printer capability
provides authors with complete lesson
listings at any time during program devel-
opment and a lesson verification process
identifies any errors or omissions. The
Ghostwriter is offered with an on-line
manual easily accessible from any point in
lesson development, as well as printed
documentation. Programs created with
the Ghostwriter can be utilized in training,
education, point-of-purchase, and other
information management applications.
Requires a 48K Apple II with Applesoft
ROM and two disk drives and a 1 6K RAM
card. A student station requires only one
disk drive and a 1 6K memory card. CAVRI
Systems, Inc., 26 Trumbull Street, New
Haven, CT 06511 (203) 562-4979.

FINANCIAL

The Home Accountant maintains up to
1 00 budget categories, keeps track of up
to five checkbooks. Prints checks is de-
sired. Prints a personal balance sheet and
a net worth statement. Handles cash,
checkbooks, credit cards and other liabili-
ties and expenses. Allows multiplle disk-
ettes and automatic transactions. Provides
fast bank reconciliation. Custom search
and retrieval of transaction information.
Maintains a transaction history. Provides
graphics for any category by bar graph,
line graph and trend analysis— $74.95.
Continental Software, 16724 Hawthorne
Blvd., Lawndale, CA 90260 (213)
371-5612.

The Accountant Version 4.4 has new fea-
tures giving you more flexibility and ease
of use than earlier vesions. The capability
to enter transactions out of sequence has
been added. This new version automati-
cally takes advantage of the extra memory
made available by a 1 6K RAM card in Slot
Zero. Names of accounts or code names
may be reviewed or printed when needed.

GET THE FACTS ABOUT
YOUR STOCK MARKET
INVESTMENTS

WITH THE STOCK PORTFOLIO SYSTEM AND AN APPLE^COMPUTER

i ASYTO USF — menu driven plus simple step by
step documentation

FLI XIBLT — buy stocks or options, cash or
margin, plus control your money market account

QUICK ACCURATE REPORTING — current
portfolio status by position, total funds balances,
short and long term, plus much more

VALUABLE TIMING AIDS — advance notice of:
stocks going long term; dividends coming due;
and options expiring

COMPLETE RECORDS — profit and loss

statement; dividend Income plus more all

year to date, great for tax reporting

the STOCK PORTFOLIO SYSTEM for the informed investor

SMITH MICRO SOFTWARE YODK DI:AU:K or OKDKK DIKI C T 1 Y

I’.O. BOX 604 Only $ 149.95 plus $2 shipping

SUNSn BI:AC'H. CA 90742 .(213) 592-1032 C a Kesidt^ms add 6 % sales tax

* APPLE TRADEMARK OF APPLE COMPUTERS. INC. ^ hp( k or C Ol)

98 Apple Orchard

PROMETHEUS PRODJ||TS INCORPORATED

45277 Freihom Blvd. • 94538 • (415) 490-2370

VERSAbox

The only intelligent SPOOLER/BUFFER with
an optional REAL TIME CLOCK interface/
display. For use with all Centronics parallel
and RS-232C INPUT/OUTPUT interfaces.

VERSAbox’s high-speed input combined with
up to 60K buffer (more with character compres-
sion) frees up your computer from the slow job
of printing. Modems and other compatible
devices can also be buffered. Multiple software-
selectable outputs permit you to choose be-
tween two or more VERSAbox outputs or use
them simultaneously. You can buffer multiple
inputs simultaneously too.

Add the optional REAL TIME CLOCK to
VERSAbox and you get a six digit LED numeric
time display. Your computer can read the time
via the RS-232C port. Another useful option is
the SWITCHED 120V SOCKET that can turn
external devices on and off by clock control.

VERSAbox is supplied in an attractive, com-
pact 11” wide, 8” deep, 3” high cabinet.
Interface cables are available from your dealer
or Prometheus. SPECIAL OFFER for Apple II
owners: Buy a VERSAbox this month and you
will receive a free parallel interface and cable.

VERSAbox, standard model with Centronics
parallel INPUT/OUTPUT only and 16K
buffer $249.00

VERSAbox, with both Centronics parallel
and RS-232C INPUT/OUTPUT and 1 6K
buffer $299.00

REAL TIME CLOCK option with

DISPLAY add $150.00

SWITCHED 120V OUTLET

option add $50.00

Additional 16K BUFFER MEMORY KITS
each add $50.00

PLUS VERSAbox
FOR EVERYBODY

I. VERSAcard

Four cards on one for Apple 11.(1) Serial Input/
Output Interface, (2) Parallel Output Interface,
(3) Precision Clock Calendar, and (4) BSR
Control. All on one card with TRUE SIMULTA-
NEOUS OPERATION.

Before you buy Mountain Computer CPS or any
other multifunction card, ask these questions;

Can I use CP/M and Apple Pascal with NO disk
modification?

Does it have interrupts?

Will I be able to read and set the year?

Does it have BSR control?

Can I use DB Master? Ascii Express? VISI Dex?
Easy Writer? WORDSTAR? Z-TERM PRO?
VISITERM? .... other software packages?

If the answer is YES to all of the above, then
you’re talking about VERSAcard and ONLY
VERSAcard. And, the list price has been
reduced by $50 to $199.00

SPECIAL OFFER; Buy a VERSAcard and we’ll
sell you GRAFTRIX, a sophisticated screen
dump graphics package, with $25 off the regu-
lar list price of $65 for only $40.00.

II. AUTO-DOC

An automatic diagnostics system for your Apple
II computer. Get a complete check of your critical
Apple hardware EVERY time you power-up.

AUTO-DOC saves TIME, ENERGY, and
MONEY by identifying problems in your Apple
before they make themselves known by sys-
tem failures. And, you don’t have to remember
to insert a disk. DOC automatically identifies
system problems before you run your pro-
grams by doing extensive system diagnostics.
If DOC finds a failure, it indicates the problem
area and, in some cases, the specific chip or
component that’s responsible.

DOC includes a memory test, processor test,
ROM test, and more. In addition, extensive disk
based diagnostics are included for further test-
ing and subsystem checks for many popular
peripheral cards.

AUTO-DOC is simple and easy to install. And
once installed, DOC will always be there work-
ing AUTOMATICALLY everytime you power-up.

Can you afford to be without AUTO-DOC?
AUTO-DOC List Price $99.00

Another new feature permits you to
“group” accounts so that the sum of the
balances of a group of accounts can be
displayed. One of the most powerful addi-
tions to The Accountant permits multiple
automatic transaction files to be specified.
A split transaction mode allows you to
split one transaction into several different
ones to correctly record where “lump”
sums were spent, etc. Standard features
of The Accountant include automatic
double entry, natural language dialog,
balance sheet, flexible query system, fast
retrieval, data compression, interated files,
memory management, on-keyboard cal-
culator, scroll and page modes, automatic
transactions, monthly summaries and
output formats for either screen or printer.
Complete documentation in attractive
binder with demonstration data base,
tutorial, and command summaries. Re-
quires an Apple 11 with Applesoft in ROM
and 48K of memory— $99.95. DBCALC is
an interface program designed to extract
information from the Accountant’s data
base and create a VisiCalc file to your
specifications. VisiCalc can either load the
file thus created or overlay the data to a
pre-formatted screen. You specify the
accounts and codes for which you would
like information output and the column
and row for each actual and projected
value to be inserted in the VisiCalc file.—
$20. (requires VisiCalc). Decision Support
Software, 1438 Ironwood Drive, McLean,
VA 22101 (703) 241-8316.

GAMES/SIMULATIONS

Time: June, 1 943. Place: North Atlantic.
The German Wolf Packs have been driven
from their hunting grounds by Allied
escort vessels and massive air attacks. But
unknown to the Allies is a Nazi super sub
completed well ahead of schedule: The
Mark XXI. Fathoms 40 mkes you the
German skipper of this super sub with
your mission to totally destroy enemy allied
merchant shipping— $39.95. Also availa-
ble: Cloak & Dagger, which pits you
against the computer, or other players, as
head of an intelligence agency trying to
stay one step ahead of its rivals. Moving
agents from capital to capital, ferreting
information, and offering bribes are fun-
damental parts of each player’s turn . . .
and your survival— $39.95. Horizon Simu-
lations, 7561 Crater Lake Highway, White
City, OR 97503 (503) 826-3630.

Night Mission, a beautiful and sophisti-
cated new pinball simulation offers super-
ior ball action and flipper control, and
many subtle perfections which will result
in your superior enjoyment. Night Mission
permits up to 4 players— $29.95. At your
local dealer or contact: subLogic, 713
Edgebrook Drive, Champaign, IL 61820
(217) 359-8382.

The Count is a systematic approach to
Blaclqack play which eliminates the house
edge and maximizes the player’s oppor-
tunity to win. Learn in as few a two even-
ings! The Count teaches a basic playing
strategy, without counting the cards.
Instead, it teaches you a hand counting
method which has been proven to give the
player an edge over the casino. The Count
can also be a game for the kids. Requires a
48K Apple II with DOS 3.3-$24.95. Pear
Software, 407 Terrace, Ashland, OR 97520
(503) 482-8122.

International Gran Prix, a realistic racing
game, features five Grand Prix style road
circuits, including: Oulton Park, Warwick
Farm, Karlskoga, and Monaco. Five speed
manual or automatic transmission (with
or without cruise control) and eight levels
of difficulty. Permit speeds to 198 MPH,
controlled skids, spinouts, hairpin turns,
narrow corners, obstacles, identified cir-
cuit features, “Christmas tree” controlled
start, switch for silent operation, fully
instrumented control panel, moving speed
tape, lap counter, gear and RPM indicators,
operating fuel gauge — $30. Riverbank
Software, Inc., P.O. Box 128, Denton, MD
21629 (301)479-1312.

With Horizon V and Russki Duck, Nasir
outdoes himself again; this time with
three-dimensional effects in a simulated
space battle that rivals the best of arcade
machines. From the open plains of alien
planetoids to the twisting vortex of time.
Horizon V is destined to be the measure of
three-dimensional simulation. Requires
48K Apple II or II Plus with a disk drive.
Russki Duck is a real-time adventure. As a
secret agent working for the DIA, you
must recover the stolen LX missile plans
before foreign agents can smuggle them
out of the country— hidden in a duck.
Requires 48K Apple II or II Plus with disk
drive. Prices not given. At your local dealer
or contact: Gebelli Software, Inc., 171
Tribute Road, Suite A, Sacramento, CA
95815.

In Apventure to Atlantis, a new fast action
game by Robert Clardy, the forces of
sorcery are gathering to repulse the
marauding scientific Atlantean Kingdom.
The epic battle can end either in the en-
slavement of the world or the absolute
destruction of Atlantis. More color and
sound, highly detailed animation, arcade-
like action, true role playing, greater chal-
lenge, unending variety and endless en-
joyment are yours. Requires careful plan-
ning and strategy, quick thinking and
reflexes, as well as a 48K Apple II with
DOS 3.3 and paddles— $40. At your local
dealer or contact: Synergistic Software,
5221 120th Ave., S.E., Bellevue, WA
98006 (206) 226-3216.

Appleopoly, a Hi-Res graphic implemen-
tation of a long-time favorite board game,
provides sound effects, shows dice rolling
and tokens moving. Automatically man-
ages bank accounts— $29.95. Requires
48K Apple II DOS 3.3. Computer Consult-
ing, 6723 E. 66th Place, Tulsa, OK 74133
(918) 492-9036.

Midnight Magic Pinball; this amazing elec-
tronic pinball experience brings all of the
fast action and tension of a real pinball
game to the computer screen. For one to
four players. You have flippers top and
bottom, bumper action, rollovers. All the
sounds of a classic arcade pinball
machine. Outstanding graphics. Even
permits tilting. You control the release
velocity and if you’re good, you can trip up
to three balls for simultaneous play. Keeps
a record of the top ten players (optional) —
$34.95. At your local dealer or contact:
Broderbund Software, 1 938 Fourth Street,
San Rafael, CA 94901 (415) 456-6424.

Crossword Magic will help teach any sub-
ject at any grade level. You supply words
from any subject. Crossword Magic
automatically interconnects them to form
a puzzle. Play your own creations on the
computer or print a hard copy playable
version. High resolution graphics with
hard copy graphics on 20 different print-
ers and a save game feature are standard.
Develops typing skills and increases vo-
cabulary and spelling skills — $49.95 in-
cludes a lifetime diskette warranty. Add $3
handling and postage. Requires an Apple
II or II Plus with 48K of memory and DOS
3.3. LBS Computerware, 589 Fraser Drive,
Sunnyvale, CA 94087 (408) 738-3416.

The Mate Chess System is a strategy
game peripheral which comes complete
with a powerful chess program on cas-
sette: true sensor chessboard with mag-
netic chess pieces and available in con-
figurations fr the Apple II, Commodore
Pet, and TRS 80. All you do is move the
pieces. The computer will sense the move
and respond through LED lights on each
square of the board. Of course, the com-
puter display screen will continue to show
the game in progress. Plays world class
computer chess with a top program from
Applied Concepts, makers of the world-
famous Boris and Morphy chess pro-
grams. Upgradable programs will be
available at the same frequency that ACI
upgrades its dedicated Home Chess
Computers. New programs are designed
consistently to maintain ACI’s reputation
of having the strongest chess programs
available on the market. Destiny, 207
North Kirby, Garland, TX 75042 (214)
494-0281.

1 00 Apple Orchard

High

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Job Control
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The Store
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Software In Depth

The first time you use our software you'll find it does
wonderful things. The more you use it, the more you'll find
how useful it is. We have programs for doctors, CPA's,
attorneys, retail store managers, contractors, estimators,
print shops, schools, and manufacturers. We even have a
program for programmers. And the list is growing. We have
programs for the Apple™, NEC™, and Atari 800™ computers,
and this list is growing, too. To see our software, please
visit The Xerox Store or another fine computer dealership
in your area. Call or write us for a free catalog. High
Technology Software Products, Inc., 2201 N.E. 63rd Street,

P.O. Box AO-14665,
Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
73113, 405/478-2105

High

Technology

Apple is a trademark of Apple Computer, Inc
Atari IS a trademark of Atari, Inc.

NEC is a trademark of Nippon Electric
Company, Ltd.

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System

Arcade Machine lets you create your own
arcade games. No knowledge of pro-
gramming necessary. Each time you use
the Broderbund Arcade Machine, you will
generate a new, copy-protected disk con-
taining on it an arcade game of your own
design! Your games will have the following
features: Animated full-color monsters and
other players as designed and drawn by
you (or select from a medley of creatures
on the Arcade Machine disk). Dramatic
shoot-’ em-up explosions and sound ef-
fects, automatic scoring and high score
features, fat-loading auto-boot to title page.
Colorful title page with your title and name
in large graphic letters (like other Broder-
bund games). One or two player options,
several skill levels, optional gravity effects.
Menu driven for easy use, regardless of
age or ability! Your arcade programs are
created entirely in machine language for
fast and smooth arcade-quality animation
—$44.95. Requires Apple II or Apple II
Plus and one disk drive. Broderbund
Software, 1 938 Fourth Street, San Rafael,
CA 94901 (415) 456-6424.

Computer Baseball has won Electronic
Games Magazines 1 982 Award for Best
Computer Sports Game. Designed for the
Apple II and /// home computers. Com-
puter Baseball lets you manage your own
team or an historical major league team.
Each manager has a variety of offensive
plays to choose from, including the suice
squeeze, bunting, stealing a base, or run-
ning the bases conservatively or aggres-
sively, to name just a few. Defensively, he
may choose between a number of ways to
play his infield and outfield, choose
whether or not to pitch to power hitters,
and he can even go to his bullpen for a
relief pitcher. The relief pitcher won’t be
worth much on the moound, though, if
the manager has not given him sufficient
time to warm up. The computer can act as
manager of one team for solitaire play, or
it can manage both teams at once. At your
local dealer or contact: Strategic Simula-
tions, Inc, 465 Fairchild Drive, Suite 108,
Mountain View, CA 94043 (415)
964-1353.

The Road to Gettysburg is a board-
assisted computer game which effectively
simulates the feel of command of an
American Civil War army. The only means
of communication a commander has with
his troops is the frustrating dispatch sys-
tem that generals had to contend with in
1863. Knowledge of troop positions
comes only from reconaissance reports.
Players must deal with misinterpretation
of orders and even disobedience from
corps commanders (played by the com-
puter) whose abilities are based on histor-
ical factors. Weather and fatigue affect the
corps’ morale and may even result in

“straggling.” Thus, a player must be care-
ful about which march mode he chooses
for his troops. Two scenarios are available:
(1) the week long campaign allowing a
great deal of movement strategy, and (2)
the actual three-day Battle of Gettysburg
where combat strategies prevail. There is
also a solitaire scenario for players who
wish to test their skills against the compu-
ter— $59.95. Includes one diskette, rule
book, player aid card, map board and 1 00
counters. Requires a 48K Apple II with
Applesoft ROM or Apple II Plus or Apple
///. Strategic Simulations, Inc., 465 Fair-
child Drive, Suite 1 08, Mountain View, CA
94043 (415) 964-1353.

Pursuit of the Graf Spee is a simulation of
the maneuvers and battles of the famous
German pocket battleship in the South
Atlantic in 1 939. The Graf Spee attempts
to destroy as many merchant ships as
possible without being sighted by Allied
warships. Players experience the real feel
of the chase, with each ship rated for
speed and strength, with fuel restrictions
and refueling capabilities, and a realistic
system for visibility and sighting. The
game includes a chase-oriented scenario
and a combat oriented scenario simulat-
ing the Battle of the River Plate. The 1 9 x
1 9 square grid map is displayed in Hi-Res
graphics— $59.95. Requres a 48K Apple II
with Applesoft ROM or Apple II Plus or
Apple ///. Strategic Simulations, Inc., 465
Fairchild Drive, Suite 1 08, Mountain View,
CA 94043 (415) 964-1353.

Audex is a collection of sound effect utility
programs that allows you to create sounds,
edit them, and play them back from your
own BASIC or Assembly language pro-
grams. Use the keyboard and the graphics
screen to “draw” sounds and edit them.
These can be tones, squalks, thumps or
anything you choose. You can also take
sounds from the Apple cassette input and
edit portions of this audio data for use as
sound effects. Connect short sounds to-
gether into more complex and extended
audio interludes. With it you can create
warbling sounds, musical tunes and even
synthesize speech. Relocatable machine
language routines allow you to easily re-
produce sound effects, musical tones or
speech segments from within your own
Applesoft programs. At your local dealer
or contact: Sirius Software, 1 0364 Rock-
ingham Drive, Sacramento, CA 95827
(916) 366-1195.

Killer Jellyfish? This game places you in
combat with a killer jellyfish. You are rac-
ing against a rival Soviet submarine to
recover valuable nuclear warheads from
the ocean floor, when your encounter this
substantial obstacle. Shoot them and they
break into smaller pieces and keep com-
ing (undoubtedly nuclear mutants). For
one or two playes in colorful high-resolu-

tion graphics. Written in machine lan-
guage. Requires and Apple II or II Plus with
48K and one disk drive. Playable with key-
board, Apple paddles or joystick. At your
local dealer or contact: Sirius Software,
10364 Rockingham Drive, Sacramento,
CA 95827 (916) 366-1195.

GRAPHICS

The Graphics Magician is a software
package that lets you create smooth ani-
mation in your own programs. Add gra-
phics to adventure games (or any other
program that requires many pictures and
objects to be easily and quickly accessi-
ble), and create and use a new type of
Apple shape table. The animation rou-
tines give you the power to easily program
smooth, machine language animation . . .
even from BASIC. You can easily build
object and path tables, then load them
with our routines into your programs.
These routines have the same animation
techniques used in the best Apple arcade
games. Includes a picture/object editor
that allows you to create Hi-Res pictures
and objects in over 1 00 colors, and save
hundreds of them on a single disk to be
quickly recalled and reconstructed. The
shape editor allows you to create a new
type of shape table that includes color and
angles that are preserved on scaling and
rotations. Shapes in these tables are more
compact than those in normal Apple
shape tables and the subroutines used to
display them can be used in your own
programs— $59.95. Penguin Software,
830 4th Avenue, Geneva, IL 60134 (312)
232-1984.

The Apple Flasher, a powerful software
package, is used to locate and display
standard Apple II high resolution graphic
files from DOS 3.3 disks. The program
bypasses ordinary DOS routines in order
to display files as pictures in about 1.5
seconds each. Display modes include: ( 1 )
single key selection of any file on disk, (2)
continuous scan of all files on disk with
new picture on screen every 1.5 seconds,
(3) carousel projector simulation con-
trolled by either of the game controllers
(or the keyboard) to display screens from
1 or 2 drives with instant access to both
next and previous “slide,” (4) and contin-
uous display of all screens on 1 or 2 drives
(up to 30 pictures) with individual control
of display time for each picture as used in
advertising displays, etc. Requires Apple II
Plus or Apple II with ROM Applesoft, 1 or 2
disk drives and DOS 3.3. Game con-
trollers for projector simulation optional—
$34.50 plus $1 handling. Crow Ridge
Associates, P.O. Box 90, New Scotland,
NY 12127 (518) 765-3620.

Superplotter is a professionally oriented
package, highly versatile business, engi-
neering, educational, math and graphics

1 02 Apple Orchard

EXPAND

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1195 E. Argues Avenue, Sunnyvale, CA 94086

Apple and Apple II ® Apple Computer, Inc., CP/M ® Digital Research, Inc.

CP/M FOR THE APPLE II

The Z-CARD is your key to CP/M - the largest software base available with
over 2,500 programs for your word processing, forecasting, data management,
and accounting applications. And now the Z-CARD is available separately or
as part of the total package. . .The New Synergizer.

For the first time ever. . , a Z-80 interface for the Apple II, integrated with
peripheral boards to provide a powerful CP/M operating system. The new
ALS SYNERGIZER adds the field-proven SMARTERM (80 column video
board) and ADD-RAM (16K RAM expansion) to complete the system.
SYNERGIZER software ties it all together - easy for you to learn, easy for you
to use.

Don’t wait!

Synergize your Apple and open the door to CP/M applications today.

Available now through local Distributors and Dealers. For more information, call 800-538-8177.

In California call 408-730-0306.

TELEX: 4990514

application package featuring pie graphs,
standard bar graphs, point and line graphs,
display of any mathematical function,
least squares polynomial curvefit genera-
tion, keyboard image shape tables and
user tutorial, automatic graphics disk
storage and recall, data file editor, auto-
matic disk storage and recall of editor data
files, overlay modes, and a graphics screen
text editor. Requires Applesoft and one
DOS 3.3 disk drive— $69.95. Dickens Data
Systems, 478 Engle Drive, Tucker, GA
30084 (800) 241-6753 or in GA call (404)
491-7905.

LANGCIAGES/PROGRAMMING

The Applesoft Compiler (TASC) converts
a standard Applesoft BASIC program into
super-fast machine code. By increasing
program execution speed up to 20 times,
Microsoft gives you a powerful tool for
Applesoft BASIC programming. TASC
will compile and run larger programs than
any other Applesoft Compiler. As a disk-
based system, it doesn’t require the simul-
taneous presence of compiler and pro-
gram in memory. The memory you save
allows you to compile significantly bigger
programs. Code expansion of up to 1 00%
severely restricts other compilers. TASC’s
special code compression schemes typic-
ally limit code expansion to only 25%.
Chaining with COAAMON allows compiled
programs to share variables, so a main
menu supports several programs in a sin-
gle runtime environment. True Integer
Arithmetic and Integer FOR . . . NEXT
capabilities maximize the execution speed
of compiled programs. TASC’s near total
compability with Applesoft speeds compi-
lation of existing programs with little or no
modification. Price not given. At your local
dealer or contact: Microsoft Consumer
Products, 1 0700 Northup Way, Bellevue,
WA 98004.

The Tool takes care of the busywork of
programming while you concentrate on
creativity. Design attractive entry screens,
validate, format, and store user input, with
virtually no programming. The Tool does
it for you. What used to take days— even
weeks— now takes only minutes. The Tool
provides an entry screen generator, a data-
base manager, and a report formatter,
each with very sophisticated capabilities
such as screen editing, field formatting
and entry validation, multiple disk files,
Corvus or floppy support, record lengths
as large as memory, fast read and write,
report printing with pagination, subtotals,
multiple column widths. No price given.
High Technology Software Products, Inc.,
P.O. BoxS-14665, 2201 N.E. 63rd, Okla-
homa City, OK 73113 (405) 478-2105.

MAL/80 is an adaptation of SM\L, a
structured macro Assembly language
developed at Bell Labs in the 1970’s.

Incorporates an easily-learned processor-
independent symbolic notation system,
closely resembling a high level language,
that makes programs easy to read, debug
and maintain; use of the three basic struc-
tured programming constructs bEGlN
. . . END, IF . . . ThEN . . . ELSE, and
LOOP . . . REPEAT; an extremely flexible,
independent macro and text pre-processor
which allows the programmer to create
his own programming environment; a
compiler/linker which permits input
source and its own relocatable object
code to be mixed, creating modular pro-
grams in a truly top-down fashion; an
automatic translator which upgrades
existing assembly language programs to
SMAL/80; and more. 136-page user’s
guide and an abridged pocket guide. On
CP/M disks for $150, with manual.
Chromod Associates, 1 030 Park Avenue,
Hoboken, NJ 07030 (201) 653-7615.

“Softdisk” Magazine is entirely contained
on a floppy disk. The January issue fea-
tured Lisa and animated Hi-Res photo-
graphs, 21 subscriber-contributed pro-
grams— seven games, four novelties, three
Hello programs, two for teachers, three
utilities, two for home and business. Subs
ription cost is $10 for the first issue you
order and $5 for each succeeding issue
when the prior diskette is returned. Soft
Disk 3811 St. Vincent, Shreveport, LA
71108.

This is the first full-scale, commecial im-
plementation of Modula-2, a simple but
powerful new programming language de
signed for the Apple 11 . Modula-2 is a high-
level language designed by Pascal’s crea-
tor, Niklaus Wirth of the Federal Institute
of Technology in Zurich. Features pro-
vided by Modula-2 include modules, pro-
cesses, separate compilation, dynamic
array parameters, and low-level machine
access. Requires a 64K Apple 11 with the
Apple Pascal operating system. The com-
piler accepts the full Modula-2 language
with minor implementation restrictions.
Programs are compiled into p-code.
Separate compilation is fully supported,
with up to 50 separately compiled modules
per program. No linking is required; mod-
ule binding is performed at run time.
Modula-2 consists of a p-code interpreter
(which is upward compatible with the
Apple Pascal interpreter), a fast, one-pass
compiler, a library management utility,
and a standard module library. Modules
provided include I/O, strings, storage al-
location, program loader, process sche-
duler, and mathematical functions— $550.
Volition Systems, P.O. Box 1236, Del Mar,
CA 92014 (714) 457-3865.

UTILITIES

Disk Libraiy is an elegant, user-oriented
system for creating and maintaining a
thorough, cross-referenced index of all

your disk-based programs and data files. It
provides for automatic entry into your
library file of the full catalog of any Apple
diskette. Disks formatted under other
operating systems (such as Pascal and
CP/M) are easily entered from the key-
board. Written entirely in machine code.
Disk Library’s operation is both smooth
and swift. Super fast machine language
sorts. Works with all disks created under
DOS 3.1, 3.2, and 3.3. Block actions
include global editing and deleting. Instant
searches by full or partial string. 1 00 page
user’s guide provides introductory and
advanced tutorials, a reference section
and an applications section— $49.95 plus
$2.50 shipping and handling. Modular
Media, 11060 Paradela St, Miami, FL
33156 (305) 661-7310.

Key Perfect is a program verification tool
that reads a BASIC or machine language
program which you have typed in from a
magazine listing and produces a Check
Code table that will assist in verifying cor-
rect entry of your program. Although not
all magazines publish these tables, “no-
charge” copies will be made available to
other magazines to encourage their use of
this powerful verification method. Runs on
any Apple 11 or Apple 11 Plus with DOS 3.2,
3.2.1, or 3.3, and works equally well on
Applesoft programs Integer programs and
any kind of binary file. The minimum sys-
tem requirements are 24K of memory
and one disk drive— $29.95. At your local
dealer or contact Micro-SPARC Systems
Division, Dept. P, Box 325, Lincoln, MA
01773 (617) 259-9710.

Amper-Sort/Merge is a utility program
that sorts from 1 to 5 standard Apple 11
DOS 3.3 text files in a single pass and
merges them into a single file— simul-
taneously sorting them into ascending or
descending order in up to 5 different sort
fields. It processes sequential or random
access text files. If the entire input files will
not fit into memory, it creates and merges
sorted files into a single output file. The
maximum combined size of the unsorted
input files is about 125K. Written in
machine language to achieve exceptional
speed. Compatible with most commercial
data base programs that create standard
Apple 11 DOS 3.3 text files and can be used
in place of the slow BASIC sort/merge
programs that are used in these data base
programs. Gtility/training disk and a 24-
page manual— $49.95 plus $3 postage
and handling. S&H Software, Box 5, Man-
vel, ND 582556 (701) 696-2574.

The Universal Boot Initializer will create a
DOS 3.2.1 disk that boots directly on 13-
or 16-sector systems and load a RAM
Card (in 1.7 seconds) with the “missing”
BASIC language and executes a BASIC,
Binary or EXEC greeting program in Drive
1 or 2. Alternatively it can produce a DOS

1 04 Apple Orchard

mmiim jtesecET

It’s a fact. A single chart or graph can tell you instantly what it
takes hours to interpret from printouts or other raw data.

Now, with the Strobe 100 Graphics Plotter and Software
package, you can create superb hardcopy graphics directly
from your computer. And you can do it for a fraction of the cost
of most other systems.

The Strobe System transforms complex data into
dynamic, colorful visuals with a
few simple commands from your
computer. Charts and transparen-
cies that once took hours to pro-
duce are plotted within minutes.

Information can be presented as
bar charts, pie charts, curves or
isometrics in a variety of colors.

And with a resolution of 500
points per inch, the Strobe 100
matches or surpasses the quahty
of plotters costing thousands of
dollars more.

You can also save and modify your graphics through
Strobe’s menu-driven programs. A broad selection of
software — including a VisiCalc* -compatible program —
is now available.

When the Strobe Graphics System is interfaced to your
computer, an 8-1/2 x 11 inch sheet of paper can speak any-
one’s language — visually. Visit your local dealer and learn
how to start charting your for-
tunes today. Because a perspective
on the present can also be your
window on the future.

iH]

IstrobeJ

V INCORPORATED ^

Strobe Inc.

897- 5A Independence Avenue
Mountain View, CA 94043
Telephone 415/969-5130

The Strobe Graphics System

Seeing is believing

*VisiCalc is a trademark of VisiCorp.

MUSIC

3.3 disk that boots directly on 1 6-sector
systems and functions similarly. In addi-
tion to creating customized or universal
booting disk, the GBl Utility program uses
a Directory Title Formatting procedure
which allows individualization of each disk
with a unique catalog title. Includes a 32-
page instruction manual in addition to a
training disk on the reverse of the utility
disk— $49.95 plus $3 postage & handling.
S&H Software, Box 5, Manvel, ND 58256
(701) 696-2574.

Apple-Cillin II is a comprehensive diag-
nostic system developed to check the per-
formance of your Apple 11 or Apple 11 Plus
and its peripherals. Apple-Cillin 11 will verify
over two dozen hardware operations, and
either identify a specific problem or give
your hardware a clean bill of health—
quickly and easily. Works with 13 and 16
sector drives. It is written entirely in as-
sembly language and is compatible with
any Apple 11 or Apple 11 Plus with 48K of
RAM and one or more disk drives. Fea-
tures linked tests, 6502 CPU test, printed
results, disk speed text. Boots from any
slot-$49.95. XPS, Inc, 323 York Road,
Carlisle, PA 17013 (800) 233-7512 or in
PA call (71 7) 243-5373.

The J.O.Y. Spooler is a software program
that actually lets your Apple print and
compute simultaneously. You’ll be able to
run programs from your keyboard at the
same time your printer is working. J.O.Y. is
not a microbuffer. Its application is not
limited to parallel printer. In fact, J.O.Y.
works with any printer, card and slot. With
DOS 3.3 and 48K of RAM, J.O.Y. can print
text files or Applesoft program files. And it
costs only a refreshing $39.95. XPS, Inc.,
323 York Road, Carlisle, PA 17013 (800)
233-7512 in PA call (717) 243-5373.

The Advanced X-tended Editor (AXE) is a
professional programming aid which pro-
vides the user with a “text-editor” style
extension to the standard Applesoft oper-
ating system. Operating alongside DOS,
Monitor and Applesoft, AXE remains
transparent to the user until called upon
by one of over thirty commands. Features
global search and replacement, including
wildcards, selected changes, and line
number references, full character insert,
gobble and delete, enhanced cursor
movement including search ahead and
position, two packed list edit modes, recall
editing modes, user programmable key-
board macros, four list formats, including
unique break list format for easier reading,
understanding, and editing of code. Also
provides auto line numbering and lower
case character entry. The resident BASIC
program may be run at anytime. Requires
Apple 11 or 11 Plus, Applesoft ROM, DOS
3.3 and 48K RAM— $69.95. Versa Com-
puting, Incl, 3541 Old Conejo Road, Suite
104, Newbury Park, CA 91320 (805)
498-1956.

WORD PROCESSING

The Apple Speller interfaces to the most
popular Apple word processors, including
Applewriter, Apple Pie, Executive Secre-
tary, Letter Perfect, Magic Window, and
Superscribe 11 just to name a few. In fact,
the Apple Speller can analyze the output
of any editor that writes a standard Apple
binary or text file to a diskette. Supplied
with a 30,000+ word dictionary on a single
5^4" diskette with additional space to eas-
ily add another 8,000 words to suit your
individual needs. The Apple Speller has
built-in utilities to maintain the dictionary
diskette. You can readiliy add words, delete
words, and create an unlimited number of
modified and/or new dictionaries for spe-
cific applications. The Apple Speller is
capable of proofreading a 1 0 page docu-
ment in 1 minute if there are no spelling
mistakes and 2 minutes, 15 seconds for
an unlimited number of spelling errors.
Requires an Apple 11 or 11 Plus with 48K,
DOS 3.3 and 1 or 2 disk drives. Two drives
are required to delete or add words to the
dictionary— $75. Sensible Software, 6619
Perham Drive, West Bloomfield, Ml 48033
(313) 399-8877.

LexiCom allows nearly universal transfer
of word processing files. Files may be
transferred back and forth between Super-
text and Applewriter and any word pro-
cessor that uses standard Apple text files
(e.g.. Superscribe, Apple PIE). In addition,
the text files created from Applewriter or
Supertext files may be transmitted over
the phone lines using any of the commun-
ications packages available. In addition,
BASIC programs can be edited with most
word processors. And LexiCom offers the
only possible tool for converting upper/
lower case Supertext files to upper case
only files— $49.95. At your local dealer or
contact Micro-SPARKC Systems Division,
Dept P, Box 325, Lincoln, MA 01 773 (61 7)
259-9710.

Draw Waves by Syntauri Corporation, is a
sound designer system that responds to
musicians’ demands for unique and excit-
ing sound design tools. Used with the
alphaSyntauri digital synthesizer system,
synthesists are now free to design arbitrary
sounds which go beyond the limits of
conventional saw/ sine/ square/triangle
waves technology. Draw Waves lets musi-
cians create new sounds by drawing gra-
phical representations of complex sounds
(waveforms). A microcomputer, the Apple
11, performs the work of transforming the
picture into sounds; the video screen pro-
vides visual feedback during the drawing
process. Sounds created are stored dig-
itally, and may be recalled at any later time
for playing and recording sessions with
the alphaSyntauri keyboard instrument.
Draw freehand, with lines or specify vectors
using X,Y coordinates— $29.95. Syntauri
Corporation, 3506 Waverly St., Palo Alto,
CA 94306 (415) 494-1017.

CATALOGS/BOOKS

Programming the Apple is very easy to
read and excellent for the beginning pro-
grammer. Includes over 350 figures, illus-
trations, tables and coding examples. Pro-
vides over 6,000 lines of written code, 12
chapters and 8 appendices. The glossary
contains over 1 00 definitions while a bib-
liography provides over 60 references.
500 pages 8"xl0"— $24.95 suggested
retail. Add $2 per volume for shipping and
handling. Mesa Research, Inc., Rt. 1 Box
1456A, Waco, TX 76710 (800) 824-7888
or in CA (800) 852-7777.

The International Software Directory lists
tens of thousands of software packages
and classifies them by machine, operating
system, subject, vendor and price. Review
information is also included. It is inde-
pendent of both machine manufacturers
and software houses and thus allows for
comparison and one-stop shopping. It is
backed by an excellent search service and
regular updates are available from the
publisher. Available in two volumes: The
international Microcomputer Software
Directory contains 7,000 programs and is
available at the extremely competitive
price of $34.95 plus $2.95 postage and
handling; and The International Minicom-
puter Software Directory which is available
for $65. Imprint Software, 1 520 South Col-
lege, fort Collins, CO 80524 (303)
482-5574.

The Book is a complete critical analysis of
most Apple software available. E^cperts
review, rate and evaluate the programs on
1 1 separate points. It covers games, edu-
cation, business and utilities as well as
hardware. Over 500 programs are re-

1 06 Apple Orchard

6 Ports

& a Joy of a stick

... to expand your
Apple’s* fun & convenience.

FUNF

FUN!

Our exclusive EXPANDAPORT gives
outside-of-the-Apple convenience! No
more opening the cover. Just install
EXPANDAPORT. . .and plug in
joy sticks, printer, light
pen etc. Comes com-
plete with speaker for
greater sound. Only
S69.95

This JOY STICK’S a joy
to use. Its heavier
metal case doesn’t slip
or slide like plastic. And
the very sensitive switch’s
guaranteed for 1,000,000
pushes. Better control and
reliability, only $59.95.

At computer stores, or:

DATAMOST

9748 Cozycroft Ave.

Chatsworth, Ca 91311
(213) 709-1202

VISA/MASTERCHARGE accepted. 3% shipping/
handling charge. (California residents add 6% tax)

‘Apple is a trademark of Apple Computer, Inc.

^SCMPPS
DMA SYSTEMS, INC.

NOW THE
JOB COST SYSTEM
SPECIFICALLY DESIGNED
FOR THE APPLE II®...
PERFECT TO THE CORE.

At the core of your business is profitability. And profitability depends upon
productivity. Meeting your business goals requires current and accurate
information to support decision making. To do that, you need a system . . .
the SDSI Job Cost System. The SDSI Job Cost System is a low-cost, adaptable
reporting tool which organizes and monitors information critical to business
decisions and daily operations. Business managers and professionals in any
size business can use this comprehensive software, developed specifically for
use with Apple II or Apple ll/Plus Computer.

THE SDSI JOB COST SY
USE, EASY TO UNDER

IT IS USER-FRIENDLY,

MENU-DRIVEN, AND
WELL-WRITTEN BY PRO-
FESSIONALS IN THE JOB
COST FIELD.

THE SDSI JOB COST
SYSTEM OFFERS TO
BUSINESS MANAGERS
AND PROFESSIONALS
THE TOOLS REQUIRED
TO ACHIEVE THE
GOALS AT THE CORE
OF EVERY BUSINESS —

PROFIT AND MAXI-
MUM PRODUCTIVITY.

For a free brochure with all the details, see your locaf Apple Dealer or call

SCRIPPS DATA SYSTEMS INCORPORATED
9747 BUSINESSPARK AVE.«SUITE 202 G«SAN DIEGO, CA 92131
PHONE (714) 695-1540

“ APPLE is a registered trademark of Apple Computer, Inc.

viewed— $19.95. The Book Company,
16720 Hawthorne Blvd., Lawndale, CA
90260 (213) 371-4012.

How to Patent Computer Programs by S.
Pal Asija, a patent attorney who success-
fully secured a patent for a program that
he designed. Gntil now, it has been gener-
ally assumed that patent protection is not
available for computer programs, which
are generally referred to as “software” by
the computer trade. Such programs had
to be protected by trade secret and by
copyright, both of which afford the pro-
gram developer much less protection
than is available with a patent— $50.
Research Press, Inc., 4500 W. 72nd Ter-
race, Prairie Village, KS 66208 (913)
362-9667.

How to Operate the Apple II Plus is a new
mini-course that puts an end to trial and
error learning for the first-time computer
user. No more fumbling through four dif-
ferent manuals, wondering where to begin
and what is important. In just three audio
cassette lessons of an hour or two each,
the learner is carefully guided through the
essentials of computer operations: howto
run programs, enter date, save and organ-
ize files, make backup copies, modify
programs and much more. No technical
knowledge is assumed, and the emphasis
is on basic operations, rather than on pro-
gramming. Designed for junior high and
up, the training package can be used
again and again with students, family, col-
leagues, clients, staff and customers.
Apple’s own System Master 3.3 diskette
serves as the source of all demonstration
programs and utilities used in the mini-
course. 28-page operator’s guide is fully
indexed for quick reference after the
course is over. Any standard cassette
player can be used, and no computer
hookup is required— $49.95. FlipTrack
Training Tapes, P.O. Box 711, Glen Ellyn,
IL 60137 (312) 790-1117.

The Computer Tutor: Learning Activities
for Homes and Schools by Dr. Gary W.
Orwig, is designed for parents to introduce
their children to computing. The Compu-
ter Tutor enables everyone to join in the
fun of computer play. CJsing easy-to-follow
print-outs with numerous illustrations,
parents can experiment with ways to mod-
ify their own family programs, while kids
can sharpen their math and verbal skills,
learn the metric system, and much more.
The twenty-five programs use linear,
branching, and simulation techniques
including: Math Tutor, Test Tutor, Metrics,
Memory Test, Trivia Quiz, Scrambled
Words and 1 9 more. All written in stand-
ard 1 6K of floating point BASIC, are ready-
to-run on the Apple 11, TRS-80, Commo-
dore Pet, and other microcomputers using
this language— $10.95 paperback. Little,
Brown, Customer Service Department,
200 West Street, Waltham, MlA 02154
(617) 890-0250.

MISCELLANEOUS

I-Protect has an answer to relieve the
increasing health concerns related to the
extended use of CRT s. The CRT Radiation
Shield is a slightly tinted, transparent, 6
mm sheet of leaded hi-impact acrylic. The
lead equivalency is .3 mm., which pro-
vides more than 97% shielding of any
radiation emitted through the monitor or
television screen. In addition, 1-Protect
enhances the visual acuity of the display
image with a slight magnification, thus
reducing eye strain. Easy to cut, drill or
shape to fit any terminal or television set,
and is easily cleaned with a plastic cleaner.
Shipped with Velcro fasteners for easy
attachment— 8x10" $49.50, 12x12"
$59.50. 1-Protect, 301 N. Prairie Avenue,
Suite 510, Inglewood, CA 90301 (213)
673-1587.

This special Case for the Apple II compu-
ter also holds two disk drives (while con-
nected). Features a foam padded interior,
non-metallic hold down strap, removable
locking cover, rubber no-slip bumpers on
both the cover and the base, and sturdy
abs plastic end-cap consruction. Includes
UPS delivery— $64. Fiberbilt, 601 West
26th Street, New York, NY 10001 (212)
675-5820.

A new High yield Multistrike Ribbon Car-
tridge has a revolutionary new gear ratio
system and a new five-overstrike formula
multistrike ribbon. Aspen has added ap-
proximately 100,000 additional charac-
ters to their existing NEC multistrike rib-
bon cartridge. The user realizes approxi-
mately 40% more character life for as little
as 1 0% more in cost. Tests indicate a total
average yield of 325,000 characters per
NEC High Yield Multistrike ribbon car-
tridge. Available in colors: blue, red, green,
and brown as well as black. Aspen Rib-
bons, Inc., 1 700 N. 55th Street, Boulder,
CO 80301-2796 (303) 444-4054 or (800)
525-0646.

Static Electricity occurs naturally by the
movement of people and materials. In
most everyday environments, it is merely
a commonly recognized nuisance. But for
the computer user^ it can be more than a
nuisance; it can be a real problem. Clear 1
antistatic treatment spray is proven effec-
tive in eliminating static electricity for
many weeks with one application. Much
more cost effective than bars or mats.
Treat the entire EDP environment, not just
a small area. Non-flammable, non-toxic,
safe for use on any surface that will not
waterspot. Simple to use: just spray or
wipe. For floors and carpets, just spray as
evenly as possible. Allow to dry. 16 Oz
bottle with spray pump. Midik Packaging
Corp., 2601 Industrial Parkway, Elkhart, IN
46516(219) 293-6516.

Design line micro work stations are avail-
able in a range to accommodate all micro-
computers. Delivered heavily packaged,
in self-assembly form needing only a Phil-
lips screwdriver and a few minutes of your
time to assemble. Manufactured from 1 "
all wood particle board surfaced with hard-
wearing melamine veneer, in either Oak
or Walnut. Prices available upon request.
Atlantic Cabinet, P.O. Box 100, Williams-
port, MD 21795 (301) 223-8900.

The new Basic Comfort II computer desk
was designed by a dedicated computer
hobbyist. The top accepts the usual peri-
pherals— disk drives, small printer and
CRT —and leaves about two square feet
(15x25") in front of you for reading and
writing. The keyboard shelf is 25" above
the floor and that places your “left arrow”
where your fingers like to be. Proper venti-
lation is built in, and your tangled web of
ribbon and wires has its own “rat’s nest”
area. There’s also an additional knee
height shelf for storage. Finished in
woodgrain (walnut or light oak) high pres-
sure mica laminate— $169 fully assem-
bled. Picture House, 1 66 Boynton Blvd.,
Daytona Beach, FL 32018 (904)
253-7785.

1 08 Apple Orchard

• •

RECEtVABLES
(Profit Analysis)

nsALEsl

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LANG AGC

ran la or,

PATIEN^’

records

[ LETTER WRITER

[(AeroiipB^Pjg^

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C©)RTECHS

W nriRPHRATinM

C.O.R.P/“ writes software. Perhaps you should
read that again. Not “simplifies prog^ramming” or
“makes debugging easier.” C.O.R.P. writes
APPLESOFT BASIC— complete, stand-alone
programs which run, bug-free, the very first time,
need not type a single character of basic code— ever.

C.O.R.P. does that. Your answers to questions in simple
English “design” the program. In minutes, C.O.R.P. writes
all the program code, scrolls it to the screen and automatically
saves it to your disk Your program because you designed it.

Once written, your program runs without C.O.R.P. You may list
your program, examine it, modify it further or even sell it— as you
wish, royalty free. No mere“data base manager, ”at any price, does thai

The applications are almost limitless. Your C.O.R. P. Program Generation^

System will: • handle nearly as much data as your disks will hold (1 1 3K
per disk!) # find any record in less than a second # let you design your
own screens as quickly as you can move the curser around ® sort, re-sort
and update your data for you • examine and re-examine your data and
then print reports, checks, invoices, statements, mailing labels, lists, memos-
you name it. C.O.R.P. allows you to use your Apple II plus as the working tool it
really is. Isn’t that why you bought one?

Computers should write code. You should design programs. Now you have the power.

C.O.R.P. I features: 9 a data entry program generator • a full sort sub-
system 9 an update sub-system 9 a full diagnostic package 9 a print program
generator $235

C.O.R.P. II features: • all of C.O.R.P. I plus: 9 a system menu generator • a
complete forms letter generator 9 a full files editor • a system demo package
9 an Applesoft tutorial $425

CORPORATION

900 North Franklin, Chicago, Illinois 60610

See your dealer today or
call toll-free 1-800-621-4109

(In Illinois, call (312) 943-0700)

Dealer inquiries welcome.

C.O.D. welcome.

C.O.R.P. is a trademark of
Maromaty Scotto Software Corporation.
CIRCLE 129 ON READER SERVICE CARD^

ADVERTISERS’ INDEX

107 Advanced Business Technology, Inc.
103 Advanced Logic Systems, Inc.

74 Alpha Logic Business Systems, inc.
74 Anchor Pad Intemationai
57 Applied Software Technology, Inc.

51 Ai^cial intelligence
65 Artsci-Softape
72 Anthro Digital, Inc.

92 Axalon, Inc.

89 Beagle Bros.

6 Bite-Soft

13 Business & Professional Software
94 Broderbund Software
86 Cases, Inc.

23 Chess et ai.

105 Color Tech

24 Computer-Advanced Ideas
21 Computer Data Services
35 Computer Exchange

69 Coprocessors, Inc.
ibc Corona Data Systems, Inc.

109 Cortechs

10, 107 Datamost
51 East Coast Software
39 Exec Systems
77 Great Lakes Digital
70 Hardcore-Softkey
93 Hayden F\iblishing Co.

33 Hayes AAicrocomputer Products
27, 101 High Technology
7 Hewlett-Packard
51 Individualized Operand
14 Intra Computing

70 Interactive Structures

95 Information Gniimitred Software
ifc Leading Edge Products
87 Link Systems
68 Macrotronics
49 Micro- Ware Distributors
43, 83 M & R Enterprises
2 Micro-sci

79 Microsoft Consumer Products
31 National Computer Survey
9 Nibble

71 Omega Microware (uncensored), Inc.

97 Orange Micro, Inc.

74 Paymar/Enhanceware

99 Prometheus Products, Inc.

73 Quad Syetems, Inc.

51 Rainbow Computing
68 RH Electronics
107 Scripps Data Systems, inc.

14 Silicon Valley Systems, Inc.

68 Smartware

98 Smith Micro Software

be Software PTiblishing Corporation
59 SoftTech Micro Systems
91 Sorrento Valley Associates
47 Southwestern Data Systems

15 Strategic Simulations, inc.
5,111 ^M,Inc.

25 TO products
64 Tovatech

54 Van Nostrand Reinhold, Inc.

63 Vista Computer, Inc.

68 Vynet Corporation
1 XEBEC

Apple
Orchard

SUBSCRIPflONS

International Apple Core, 910 A George St., Santa Clara, CA 95050

inTERMATIOfiAL
APPLE CORE '

The International Apple Core makes individual subscriptions to "The Apple Orchard" available:

NAME

STREET

CITY STATE ZIP

COUNTRY

Annual Subscription Rate: $15.00 for 6 Issues

First Class Postage: $7.50 additional (required for Canada, Mexico, APO, and FPO addresses)
Overseas and other foreign air mail postage (required): $15.00 additional

TOTAL REMITTANCE ENCLOSED: $(USA)

Make check or money order payable to "International Apple Core" and return with this form to:

International Apple Core
910 A George St.

Santa Clara, CA 95050

TOTAL REMITTANCE ENCLOSED: $ (USA) - —

110 Apple Orchard

TheNewAIO-n.

Another winner from the folks w^o invented
multi-function Apple interfeces.

SSM is still ahead of the game
when it comes to the Apple ITF^
Choose from any of four operating
modes. And you’re assured of flexi-
bility at a price that spells big
savings.

Check out why SSM spells
success:

THE NEW SERIAL/PARAL-
LEL AIO-II: this new full-function
serial and parallel interface for the
Apple II gives you true simulta-
neous operation. It’s totally trans-
parent to the user; there’s no soft-
ware to write, and no need to
modify your computer. Advanced
design techniques overcome the
need for “phantom” slot assign-
ments and related software com-
patibility concerns.

The AIO-II™ appears to applica-
tion software as either an Apple
communications card or parallel
printer card. You don’t have to
worry about special setup require-
ments. Hassle-free, user-oriented
AIO-II design permits easy selec-
tion of four functions: serial modem,
serial terminal/printer, parallel Cen-
tronics printer, and general-purpose

parallel. On-board firmware provides
all necessary drivers in a single
package. Optional cables support
Centronics-compatible printers and
others.

You can remain in the game, too,
with either our Serial ASIO™ or
Parallel APIO™ boards— if low
cost, single function’s your style.
Our ASIO connects your Apple to
a modem with an optional terminal

routine, or to a terminal/printer
without modifying the cable. It

gives you standard RS-232 interface
with complete handshaking. And
selectable rates from 110 to 9600
baud. The APIO parallel interface
supports general-purpose I/O and
all popular Centronics-compatible
printers, including Epson, IDS,
Okidata, Anadex, and others.

All our game-winning boards are
designed to make your Apple more
productive. Optional software sup-
port is available for Apple Pascal
and Microsoft CFIM™

Whether you’re an OEM or end
user, we can deliver any quantity
you specify. Fast. For the latest
word on any of these interface
boards, or our newly enhanced
A488™ (the industry’s highest per-
formance IEEE-488 controller), see
your local dealer, or call us today.

SSM Microcomputer Products, Inc.,
2190 Paragon Drive, San Jose, CA
95131, (408) 946-7400, Telex:

171171, TWX: 910-338-2077.

Apple and Apple II are trademarks of Apple
Computer, Inc. CP/M is a trademark of Digital
Research. AIO-II, ASIO, APIO and A488 are
trademarks of SSM Microcomputer Products,
Inc.

Starfire.

The

Winchester
disk made just
for Appie II.

You can transform your Apple II into a powerful business computer. How?

By using the Starfire, a Winchester-style disk reasonably priced at $2995.00.

Starfire provides the qualities you’d want of a computer; smooth
responsive interaction, high speed, real safety of stored data and large

data files.

Storing all the information on a rigid disk, sealed in a
contamination-propf container allows for large amount of storage,

fast operation and remarkable reliability.

With a Winchester disk, all your programs and data are available
instantly at the touch of a key, without fumbling and searching through
floppy diskettes. Implemented with the right software, a Winchester disk
will giveyou everythirig you’d expect and should get from a

business computer.

Why wait? Calf us at Corona now for more information. We’ll tell you

where to find the dealer nearest you .

corona

We don’t make a Winchester for just

anybody.

We’re Corona Data Systems and we’ve made Starfire, a
Winchester disk just for Appie i|*.

Whaf s in it for you?

5 miiiion characters of storage. And that’s not ail. You’li get
Corona’s Disk Partitioning which allows for up to 16 sep-
arate operating systems such as Appie DOS, CP/M*and
Pascai, ali sharing the same disk. Of course, you’li still
be able to use DB Master^and protected software like
VisiCaic*.

Doubie Size Voiumes.

And with our Doubie Size Voiumes, your Appie DOS is trans-
formed into something special that offers larger data files.
And you’ll never have to type commands like “cataiog”

r«> corona

doto /yrtem/

21541 Nordhoff Street, Units Chatsworth, California, 91311 (213)998-0505

Starfire - the Winchester disk made just for Appie II.

and “run” or type program
names again. You can even
forget what voiumes the pro-
grams are in.

Reiiabiiity.

But you’il never forget Star-
fire’s reiiabiiity. That’s be-^
cause we built DataGuard,
the feature that will correct errors, not just report them. And
we also provide a one-year warranty that you can count
on. That’s reiiabiiity.

So why take chances? With Starfire, you’re not just adding
a hard diskto an Appie ii, but transforming an Appie il into
a fuil hard disk business computer.

‘Starfire and DataGuard are trademarks of Corona Data Systems * Apple II is a registered trademark of Apple Computers, Inc. •VisiCalc is a trademark of Personal Software Inc.
• r P/M i.<? n rpni.stprert trndemark of Diaital Research. Inc. * DB Master is a trademark of Stoneware

Many people think just because a computer does
difficult things, it must be difficult to operate. Not so.
At least not with PFS ™ and PFS: REPORT.

PFS and PFS: REPORT let you concentrate cm
doing your work, not on working your computer. There’s
no complicated programming or computer language to
learn. Using the PFS Series is so straightforward, you
can learn it in as little as 20 minutes, and that’s some-
thing both experts and beginners can appreciate.

40-column format to accommodate larger printouts,
and tell you how much rcmm you have left on your disk.

Get more out of what you put in.

PFS: REPORT sorts, calculates, totals, formats
and prints presentation-quality reports with up to 9 col-
umns, in alpha or numeric order, with automatic
entering and justification. With your information in
this format, you can analyze it quickly to help spot
trends, plan and make decisions.

Design your own management system, simjdy.

PFS lets you arrange your information in "forms”
you design yourself. Once you’ve created your form—
with spaces for all the necessary data— you simply fill
in the blanks.

If you don’t like the original form, PFS lets you
changejust the form, without having to totally re-enter
the information on it.

To use your forms, just call up the information
you want in a variety of ways such
as "less than” "more thanj’ "equal
tor "between” or "not.” You can
even find specific charac-
ters, words, names or num-
bers. And PFS can also
sort labels, change its

A whole family of software for Apple® II and III.

PFS consistently ranks among the 5 top-selling
business software packages for Apples. Because you
can use it for almost anj4hing- from chemical analyses
to keeping track of your wine collection, from bal-
ancing your checkbook to computing your payroll.
And there are more programs on the way.

For a free, hands-on demonstration of PFS and
PFS: REPORT, stop by your local computer store. If
^ ^ ^ they don’t have it yet, tell them to

Hardworkmg^

1^1 Landings Dr., Moun-
tain View, CA 94043.

You’ll be amazed at
how much you can bite off.

an ^7 au(

software for Apples
that isn’t a lot of work.

® Apple is a registered trademark of Apple Computer, Inc. “ PFS is a trademark of Software Publishing Corporation.

■'--reR,fehi,^Corp«rafc„

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